The first step of science is making observations about the world.

Question

i. Observations involve looking for interesting patterns or cause-and-
effect relationships.
c. The second step is to create a tentative explanation for observed 
phenomena. This is called a ___________________.
i. Useful hypotheses involve testable predictions. Hypotheses can be 
refined and adjusted as needed.
d. The third step is to design and experiment that will test the hypothesis
i. Experimental design is a critical part of the scientific process. 
Experiments that are carefully and purposefully designed are most 
likely to show cause-and-effect relationships between variables. 
Additionally, it is critical that experimental results can be 
reproduced when the experiment is repeated.
ii. Controlling variables makes experiments more powerful
iii. Define each of the following elements of experiments:
● Experimental group
● Control group
● Variables
○ Independent variable
○ Dependent variable
● Why is it important to control variables in an experiment?

Answer 1

The second step is to create a tentative explanation for observed phenomena. This is called a hypothesis.

Definitions of Key Elements of Experiments:

• Experimental Group: This is the group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention. It is exposed to the independent variable to observe any changes or effects resulting from that treatment.

• Control Group: This group does not receive the treatment or intervention and is kept under the same conditions as the experimental group for comparison. It serves as a baseline to assess the effects of the independent variable.

• Variables:

  • Independent Variable: This is the variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment. It is the presumed cause and is tested to see how it influences the dependent variable.

  • Dependent Variable: This is the variable that is measured or observed in an experiment. It is the presumed effect that may change as a result of alterations in the independent variable.

Importance of Controlling Variables in an Experiment:

Controlling variables is crucial in an experiment because it helps to isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. By keeping all other factors constant, researchers can ensure that any observed changes in the dependent variable are directly attributable to variations in the independent variable. This enhances the validity and reliability of the experiment and makes it possible to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Furthermore, controlled conditions facilitate replication of the experiment by other researchers, thereby verifying results and contributing to scientific knowledge.