To calculate the growth rate of real income from 2018 to 2019, we can use the formula for growth rate:
\[ \text{Growth Rate} = \frac{\text{Value in 2019} - \text{Value in 2018}}{\text{Value in 2018}} \times 100 \]
Plugging in the values:
\[ \text{Growth Rate} = \frac{18,635 - 18,073}{18,073} \times 100 \]
Calculating the difference:
\[ 18,635 - 18,073 = 562 \]
Now, replace the difference in the formula:
\[ \text{Growth Rate} = \frac{562}{18,073} \times 100 \]
Calculating the fraction:
\[ \frac{562}{18,073} \approx 0.0311 \]
Now converting it to a percentage:
\[ 0.0311 \times 100 \approx 3.11% \]
Thus, the growth rate of real income from 2018 to 2019 is approximately 3.1 percent.
The correct answer is e. 3.1 percent.