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Specialization and trade typically result in the following benefits:
1. Goods and services being exchanged.
2. More quality of life.
3. People learning specific skills.
However, they do not result in:
- **A decrease in total economic output.**
In fact, specialization and trade generally lead to an **increase** in total economic output as resources are used more efficiently and productivity is enhanced. Therefore, the correct answer is "A decrease in total economic output."