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Substituting 1 for \( x \) in the equation \( 5x + 3 = x \cdot 5 + 3 \) tests the **Commutative Property of Multiplication**.
In this case, the equation demonstrates how the multiplication of \( x \) by 5 can be reordered (i.e., \( 5x = x \cdot 5 \)). Therefore, the correct response is:
**The Commutative Property of Multiplication**.