Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell. Why does this make it important to life? (1 point)

The correct answer is: **The outermost shell can form up to four covalent bonds and this allows it to form biomolecules.**

This property of carbon is crucial because it enables the formation of a wide variety of complex organic molecules essential for life, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

What is the definition of a hydrocarbon? (1 point)

a carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen bonded together.
polysaccarides that are used as a source of energy.
a large chain of carbons and hydrogens bonded together
electrons shared between two different atoms

The correct answer is: **a large chain of carbons and hydrogens bonded together.**

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. They can be found in various forms, including linear chains and rings.

What is the definition of a hydrocarbon? (1 point)

a carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen bonded together.
polysaccarides that are used as a source of energy.
a large chain of carbons and hydrogens bonded together
electrons shared between two different atoms

The correct answer is: **a large chain of carbons and hydrogens bonded together.**

Hydrocarbons consist entirely of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms, and they can exist as straight chains, branched chains, or rings.

Which compound is a carbohydrate made up of long glucose chains, and commonly found in plants?

starch
protein
nucleotide
amino acid

The correct answer is: **starch.**

Starch is a carbohydrate made up of long chains of glucose molecules and is commonly found in plants as a form of energy storage.

Which compound is a carbohydrate made up of long glucose chains, and commonly found in plants?

starch
protein
nucleotide
amino acid

The correct answer is: **starch.**

Starch is a carbohydrate that consists of long chains of glucose units and is commonly found in plants, serving as a form of energy storage.

Glucose is a hydrocarbon that can be used to produce other biomolecules. Nitrogen can bond with glucose to make a biomolecule that can perform cellular functions. Which compound contains nitrogen? (1 point)

fructose
water
starch
amino acid

The correct answer is: **amino acid.**

Amino acids contain nitrogen and are the building blocks of proteins, which perform a variety of cellular functions in living organisms.

Glucose is a hydrocarbon that can be used to produce other biomolecules. Nitrogen can bond with glucose to make a biomolecule that can perform cellular functions. Which compound contains nitrogen? (1 point)

fructose
water
starch
amino acid

The correct answer is: **amino acid.**

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain nitrogen and are essential for the synthesis of proteins, which play crucial roles in various cellular functions.

Which equation best represents conservation of matter?

3H2O+3CO2 → C6H12O6+602
6H2O+6CO2 → C6H12O6+602
6H2O+10CO2 → C6H12O6+402
6H2O+6CO2 → C3H6O3 +302

The equation that best represents conservation of matter is: **6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2.**

However, it seems that this specific equation is not provided in the options you listed. Among the options, the closest one that reflects the conservation of matter (where the number of atoms for each element on both sides is balanced) is:

**6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2.**

This equation indicates that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides, illustrating the principle of conservation of matter. If you're looking for the correct answer from the options you provided, none of them accurately represent conservation of matter, but the correct form is as shown above.

Which equation best represents conservation of matter?

A. 3H2O+3CO2 → C6H12O6+602
B. 6H2O+6CO2 → C6H12O6+602
C. 6H2O+10CO2 → C6H12O6+402
D. 6H2O+6CO2 → C3H6O3 +302

The equation that best represents conservation of matter is: **B. 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2.**

In this equation, the number of atoms of each element is balanced on both sides of the equation, thus adhering to the principle of conservation of matter, which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. The other options do not balance properly.

(Note: It seems like option B has a minor typographical error related to the number of oxygen molecules; it should be "6O2" instead of "602", which might confuse the interpretation.)

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytoplasm?

The Kreb's Cycle
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Aerobic cellular respiration
Photosynthesis

The correct answer is: **Anaerobic cellular respiration.**

Anaerobic cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. In contrast, the Kreb's Cycle (also known as the Citric Acid Cycle) and aerobic cellular respiration predominantly take place in the mitochondria, while photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytoplasm?

The Kreb's Cycle
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Aerobic cellular respiration
Photosynthesis

The correct answer is: **Anaerobic cellular respiration.**

Anaerobic cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The Kreb's Cycle and aerobic cellular respiration mainly occur in the mitochondria, while photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

What do amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars (monosaccharides) have in common?

They are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
They are all used to store energy.
They are all produced during photosynthesis.
They are all used to make proteins.

The correct answer is: **They are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.**

Amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars (monosaccharides) all contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) as their fundamental building blocks. While they serve different functions in biological systems, this common composition is a primary characteristic they share.

What do amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars (monosaccharides) have in common?

They are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
They are all used to store energy.
They are all produced during photosynthesis.
They are all used to make proteins.

The correct answer is: **They are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.**

Amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars (monosaccharides) all contain the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in their structures. While they have different functions and roles in biological systems, this common elemental composition is a key characteristic they share.

Which biomolecule do amino acids make up?

Protein
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrate
Lipid

The correct answer is: **Protein.**

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They link together through peptide bonds to form protein molecules, which perform a variety of functions in living organisms.

Which biomolecule do amino acids make up?

Protein
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrate
Lipid

The correct answer is: **Protein.**

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They combine in various sequences to form polypeptides, which fold into functional proteins that perform numerous crucial roles in biological systems.

Which of the following is true about exothermic reactions? (1 point)

The products of the reaction are more complex than the reactants.
The energy of the reactants is lower than that of the products.
The energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants.
The reactants of the reaction are more complex than the products.

The correct answer is: **The energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants.**

In exothermic reactions, energy is released to the surroundings, typically in the form of heat, leading to products that have lower energy than the reactants.

Which of the following is true about exothermic reactions? (1 point)

A. The products of the reaction are more complex than the reactants.
B. The energy of the reactants is lower than that of the products.
C. The energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants.
D. The reactants of the reaction are more complex than the products.

The correct answer is: **C. The energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants.**

In exothermic reactions, energy is released as the reaction proceeds, resulting in products that have a lower energy state compared to the reactants.

How do the number of enzymes in a system change as a chemical reaction progresses? (1 point)

The number of enzymes stays the same over time because they are not consumed in the reaction.
The number of enzymes stays the same over time because they are produced and consumed in the reaction equally.
The number of enzymes will decrease over time as they are consumed in the reaction.
The number of enzymes will increase over time as they are produced during the reaction.

The correct answer is: **The number of enzymes stays the same over time because they are not consumed in the reaction.**

Enzymes are catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions without being consumed or permanently altered by the reaction itself, so their numbers remain relatively constant throughout the process.

How do the number of enzymes in a system change as a chemical reaction progresses? (1 point)

A.The number of enzymes stays the same over time because they are not consumed in the reaction.
B.The number of enzymes stays the same over time because they are produced and consumed in the reaction equally.
C.The number of enzymes will decrease over time as they are consumed in the reaction.
D.The number of enzymes will increase over time as they are produced during the reaction.

The correct answer is: **A. The number of enzymes stays the same over time because they are not consumed in the reaction.**

Enzymes act as catalysts in chemical reactions and are not consumed or permanently changed by the reactions they facilitate, so their quantity remains constant throughout the reaction process.

Reliability refers to (1 point)

professionalism
relevancy
consistency
elegance

The correct answer is: **consistency.**

Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure or assessment, indicating that it produces stable and consistent results over time and across different conditions.

Reliability refers to (1 point)

professionalism
relevancy
consistency
elegance

The correct answer is: **consistency.**

Reliability in a research or assessment context means that the results are consistent and stable over time, indicating that the measurement is dependable.

During a chemical reaction, the number of atoms

increases.
fluctuates.
decreases.
stays the same.

The correct answer is: **stays the same.**

During a chemical reaction, the number of atoms remains constant. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed; they are rearranged to form new substances. This principle is known as the law of conservation of mass.

During a chemical reaction, the number of atoms

increases.
fluctuates.
decreases.
stays the same.

The correct answer is: **stays the same.**

During a chemical reaction, the total number of atoms is conserved, meaning it remains constant. Atoms may be rearranged to form new molecules, but the total number of atoms before and after the reaction does not change.

If an organism obtains energy from glucose, which process does it undergo?

transpiration
cellular respiration
the water cycle
evaporation

The correct answer is: **cellular respiration.**

Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert glucose and oxygen into energy, along with carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. This process is essential for producing ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

If an organism obtains energy from glucose, which process does it undergo?

transpiration
cellular respiration
the water cycle
evaporation

The correct answer is: **cellular respiration.**

Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert glucose into energy (ATP) through a series of chemical reactions, typically involving oxygen and producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

How are fossil fuels formed? (1 point)

by heat energy intensifying over the ocean
from water released by plants
from decaying matter not recycled into the atmosphere
by photosynthesis

The correct answer is: **from decaying matter not recycled into the atmosphere.**

Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that were buried under layers of sediment and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. This process transforms the organic matter into coal, oil, or natural gas, which are classified as fossil fuels.

How are fossil fuels formed? (1 point)

by heat energy intensifying over the ocean
from water released by plants
from decaying matter not recycled into the atmosphere
by photosynthesis

The correct answer is: **from decaying matter not recycled into the atmosphere.**

Fossil fuels are formed over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals that were buried under sediment. The lack of oxygen and high pressure and temperature conditions prevent their complete decay, resulting in the formation of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

What is a pure substance made of positive and negative ions in a fixed ratio called?

an ionic compound
a hydrogen bond
a polar molecule
an atom

The correct answer is: **an ionic compound.**

An ionic compound is formed from the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. These ions combine in fixed ratios to create a stable compound.

What is a pure substance made of positive and negative ions in a fixed ratio called?

an ionic compound
a hydrogen bond
a polar molecule
an atom

The correct answer is: **an ionic compound.**

An ionic compound consists of positive and negative ions that are held together by ionic bonds in a fixed ratio, resulting from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

How does hydrogen bonding explain the properties of water when it freezes.

It makes ice float on top of water instead of sink.
It causes ice to become more dense than water.
It creates tight spaces between water molecules.
It allows the water to evaporate as it freezes.

The correct answer is: **It makes ice float on top of water instead of sink.**

Hydrogen bonding causes water molecules to arrange themselves in a crystalline structure when water freezes, which makes ice less dense than liquid water. As a result, ice floats on water. This property is crucial for aquatic ecosystems, as it insulates the water below and helps maintain a stable temperature.

How does hydrogen bonding explain the properties of water when it freezes.

It makes ice float on top of water instead of sink.
It causes ice to become more dense than water.
It creates tight spaces between water molecules.
It allows the water to evaporate as it freezes.

The correct answer is: **It makes ice float on top of water instead of sink.**

When water freezes, hydrogen bonds result in a hexagonal lattice structure that spaces the molecules further apart, making ice less dense than liquid water. This is why ice floats on top of water.

An organism is sealed in a chamber. Scientists measure the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the chamber. In 4-5 sentences, explain how they can use the volumes of these gases to determine if photosynthesis or cellular respiration is occurring in in the chamber. (4 points)

(Original and like a 9th grader wrote it)

Scientists can determine whether photosynthesis or cellular respiration is occurring by measuring the volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) in the sealed chamber. During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, so if the level of carbon dioxide decreases and the level of oxygen increases, it indicates that photosynthesis is happening. In contrast, during cellular respiration, organisms consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide, so if the oxygen level decreases while the carbon dioxide level increases, it suggests that cellular respiration is taking place. By analyzing these gas levels, scientists can figure out which process is dominant in the chamber.

Identify which building blocks sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids are broken into. Then, explain how the nutrients contribute to your body's biochemistry. (4 points)

(Original and like a 9th grader wrote it)

Sugars are broken down into simple sugars called monosaccharides, amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and fatty acids are components of lipids or fats. These nutrients play important roles in our body's biochemistry. Sugars provide quick energy for our cells and are essential for cellular respiration. Amino acids are vital for building proteins, which are necessary for growth, repair, and various body functions, like enzymes that speed up chemical reactions. Fatty acids are important for storing energy and making cell membranes. Together, these building blocks help maintain our health and keep our bodies working properly.

An ice pack is cracked, starting a reaction. The ice pack decreases in temperature as the reaction absorbs heat energy from the environment. The temperature of the surroundings decreases as heat is absorbed by the ice pack. Is this process exothermic or endothermic? Explain your reasoning in 4-5 sentences. (4 points)

(Original and like a 9th grader wrote it)

The process described is **endothermic**. This is because the ice pack absorbs heat energy from the environment, which causes the temperature of the surroundings to decrease. In an endothermic reaction, energy is taken in rather than released. Since the ice pack is getting colder while it absorbs heat, it shows that the reaction requires energy from its surroundings to occur. This is why we feel the ice pack getting colder when we use it for injuries, as it draws heat away from the area around it.

Your friend asks for your help checking their essay about sugar production and use in plants. They have found an online encyclopedia that says the following. "Plants produce glucose via photosynthesis. Glucose is linked together to form the carbohydrate starch." Your friend is confused, though, because a university website states that "glucose is linked together to form cellulose, the main part of plant cell walls."

Help your friend fact check their information. In 3-5 sentences, describe how they can determine which website(s) to believe.

(Original and like a 9th grader wrote it)

To help your friend determine which website to believe, they should look for credible sources and check multiple references. They can start by checking if the websites are from educational institutions, like universities, or reputable organizations since those are often more reliable. Next, they should see if the information is supported by research or scientific studies cited on the site. Finally, comparing the information with a biology textbook or other trusted resources can help confirm which facts are accurate about glucose production and its forms in plants, like starch and cellulose.

Your friend asks for your help checking their essay about sugar production and use in plants. They have found an online encyclopedia that says the following. "Plants produce glucose via photosynthesis. Glucose is linked together to form the carbohydrate starch." Your friend is confused, though, because a university website states that "glucose is linked together to form cellulose, the main part of plant cell walls."

Help your friend fact check their information. In 4-5 sentences, describe how they can determine which website(s) to believe.

(Original and like a 9th grader wrote it)

To help your friend figure out which website to trust, they should look for reliable sources. First, they can check if the websites are from well-known educational institutions or respected organizations, as these are usually more trustworthy. They should also look for references or citations on the sites that explain how they got their information. Comparing the facts with a textbook or other scientific resources can also provide clarity on the roles of glucose in plants, like being turned into starch for energy storage and cellulose for cell walls. By doing this research, they can better decide which information is correct.

A 50 gram glass holds 400 grams of liquid water and 75 grams of ice. After 20 minutes the mass of ice is 50 grams. In 3-4 sentences, assuming no evaporation or sublimation has occurred, calculate the mass of the liquid water at this time and explain how this is found. (2 points)

To calculate the mass of the liquid water after 20 minutes, we start with the initial mass of the liquid water, which is 400 grams. Since the mass of the ice after 20 minutes is 50 grams (up from 75 grams), that means 25 grams of ice melted into water. Therefore, we add this 25 grams to the initial 400 grams of liquid water. This results in a final mass of \(400 \, \text{grams} + 25 \, \text{grams} = 425 \, \text{grams}\) of liquid water.