Question
The two processes of using DNA to make mRNA and using mRNA to make a functional protein are?
Answers
GPT-4o mini
The two processes of using DNA to make mRNA and then using mRNA to make a functional protein are known as **transcription** and **translation**.
1. **Transcription**: This is the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the promoter region, separates the DNA strands, and synthesizes a single strand of mRNA by adding complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand based on the sequence of the DNA template.
2. **Translation**: This is the process by which the mRNA is decoded to produce a functional protein. Translation occurs in the ribosome, where the mRNA sequence is read in sets of three nucleotides (codons). Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, which are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA). The ribosome facilitates the assembly of the amino acids in the correct order to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein.
Together, transcription and translation constitute the central dogma of molecular biology, detailing how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
1. **Transcription**: This is the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the promoter region, separates the DNA strands, and synthesizes a single strand of mRNA by adding complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand based on the sequence of the DNA template.
2. **Translation**: This is the process by which the mRNA is decoded to produce a functional protein. Translation occurs in the ribosome, where the mRNA sequence is read in sets of three nucleotides (codons). Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, which are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA). The ribosome facilitates the assembly of the amino acids in the correct order to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein.
Together, transcription and translation constitute the central dogma of molecular biology, detailing how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.