The conflicts and events you mentioned involve various Indigenous American groups and the United States government or military. Here's a breakdown of who each group was fighting against:
The Dakota Uprising
- Opponents: The Dakota people (also known as the Sioux) primarily fought against the United States government and settlers in Minnesota. The conflict arose due to broken treaties, encroachments on Dakota lands, and poor living conditions on reservations.
Red Cloud's War (Lakota)
- Opponents: The Lakota Sioux, led by Chief Red Cloud, fought against the United States government and its military. This conflict was largely over control of the territory in the Powder River area and specifically related to the influx of settlers and the construction of roads and forts that violated existing treaties.
Sand Creek Massacre (Cheyenne & Arapahoe)
- Opponents: The Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes faced the U.S. Army during the Sand Creek Massacre, which occurred in Colorado in 1864. The massacre involved an attack by Colorado militia forces on a peaceful encampment of Cheyenne and Arapahoe who believed they were under U.S. government protection, highlighting the tensions between Indigenous peoples and settlers.
A Doomed Plan for Peace (Indian Peace Commission)
- Opponents: The Indian Peace Commission was established by the U.S. government to negotiate peace treaties with various Native American tribes. Many tribes resisted the terms set forth by the Commission, which often favored settlers and did not adequately address Native American concerns. Therefore, while the Commission was intended to facilitate peace, it faced opposition from various Indigenous groups who were fighting against the U.S. government’s policies and land encroachments.
Overall, each of these events and conflicts illustrates the struggles and resistance of Indigenous peoples against U.S. government expansion and policies that threatened their lands and ways of life.
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