The Second Industrial Revolution, which occurred roughly between the late 19th century and early 20th century, was fueled by several key resources and technological advancements. Some of the most significant resources and factors included:
-
Steel: The development of processes such as the Bessemer process significantly lowered the cost of producing steel, making it more widely available for construction, railways, and machinery.
-
Electrical Energy: The harnessing of electricity transformed industries and led to innovations like electric lighting, motors, and communication technologies such as the telegraph and telephone.
-
Coal and Oil: Coal remained a critical source of energy for steam engines, while the discovery and refinement of petroleum provided new fuels and lubricants, further driving industrial growth.
-
Iron Ore: The availability of iron ore was crucial for steel production and other industrial applications.
-
Chemical Innovations: Advances in chemistry led to the development of new synthetic materials, such as plastics and fertilizers, which boosted various sectors, including agriculture and consumer goods.
-
Transportation: The expansion of railroads and the introduction of automobiles facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished products, enhancing trade and commerce.
-
Labor: A growing population and urban migration provided a labor force for factories and industries.
-
Capital Investment: Increased investment in infrastructure, factories, and technology spurred industrial growth.
-
Scientific Advancements: Innovations in technical sciences and engineering improved manufacturing processes and efficiency.
-
Global Trade Networks: Expansion of global markets allowed for the exchange of goods, resources, and technologies across nations.
These resources and developments not only supported the industries of the Second Industrial Revolution but also transformed economies and societies around the world.