Question 1: PART 1
The underlined word "characterized" in the context of the passage suggests a defining quality or feature of the Gupta Period.
The BEST meaning of the underlined word based on context clues is: Described
Question 2: PART 2
The underlined word "ascended" in the context of the passage refers to the act of rising to a position, specifically taking on a role of authority.
The BEST meaning of the underlined word based on context clues is: Took over