To effectively show distance from a central location, the best option would be a diagrammatic cartogram. Diagrammatic cartograms can illustrate the spatial relationship and distance from a central point by varying the size and shape of areas based on their proximity or relevance to that central location. This allows for a visual representation of distance in a more intuitive way compared to the other map types listed.
While line cartograms, choropleth maps, and proportional symbol maps have their uses, they don't specifically focus on depicting distance from a central location as effectively as a diagrammatic cartogram.