Explain the following stages in simple terms

Question

LEVEL I: PRE-CONVENTIONAL
Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation
Children decide what is right based on whether the action will be punished or rewarded but do not
consider the interests of others. Children obey because adults have greater power.
Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
Children follow rules when it serves their own needs or interests. Children are aware that others have
interests too and they may conflict with their own.
LEVEL II: CONVENTIONAL
Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Children are concerned with living up to others' expectations. "Being good" is important and it means
having good intentions, being concerned about others, and being loyal and trustworthy.
Stage 4: Social system and conscience
Children define what is right in terms of duties they have agreed to carry out and abide by laws, except
in extreme cases. Moral actions are those that the larger society has determined are right.
LEVEL III: POST-CONVENTIONAL
Stage 5: Social contract or utility and individual rights
Values and rules are relative to a particular group and may be changed. Rules should be followed
for the welfare and protection of all people's rights, and what is moral is best for the largest number
of people. Some values, such as life and liberty, are recognised as non-relative and must be upheld
regardless of socially agreed upon laws.
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles
People develop and follow their own self-chosen ethical principles, which are part of an integrated and
carefully thought-out system of values. If social laws violate these principles, people's actions will be
consistent with their ethical principles.

Answer 1

Certainly! Here’s a simplified explanation of each stage:

LEVEL I: PRE-CONVENTIONAL

• Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation

  • Kids think something is right if it doesn’t get them in trouble. They obey adults because adults have more power and can punish them.

• Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

  • Kids follow rules mainly when it benefits them. They recognize that others have their own needs and interests, which can be different from theirs.

LEVEL II: CONVENTIONAL

• Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

  • Kids aim to be seen as "good" by others. They care about meeting others' expectations and being trustworthy and loyal.

• Stage 4: Social system and conscience

  • Kids believe in following laws and fulfilling their duties. They think what’s right comes from what society agrees on, though they might question it in extreme situations.

LEVEL III: POST-CONVENTIONAL

• Stage 5: Social contract or utility and individual rights

  • People understand that rules can change based on what’s best for everyone. They believe in protecting individual rights and support rules that apply to the common good, but some values (like life and freedom) should always be upheld, no matter what.

• Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

  • Individuals create their own ethical beliefs based on a well-thought-out system of values. When laws conflict with their personal principles, they follow their own ethics instead of the law.