5. What advantage do settled farmers have over nomads in terms of labor division?

Settled farmers have several advantages over nomads in terms of labor division:

1. **Specialization of Labor**: In settled farming communities, individuals can specialize in specific tasks such as planting, harvesting, animal husbandry, or tool-making. This specialization leads to increased efficiency and productivity.

2. **Greater Population Density**: Settled farming allows for larger and more stable populations. This density enables a more complex division of labor, with some individuals taking on roles outside of production, such as trade, governance, or crafts.

3. **Storage and Surplus**: With the ability to cultivate land and produce more food than needed for immediate consumption, settled farmers can store surplus food. This surplus supports a division of labor and economic activities since not everyone needs to be involved in food production.

4. **Development of Crafts and Trade**: Settled communities can develop crafts and engage in trade, allowing for the growth of various occupations beyond farming. This economic diversification can lead to more sophisticated societal structures.

5. **Consistency and Routine**: Settled farming promotes a more stable routine, allowing for the development of specialized skills that can be passed down through generations. Over time, this leads to the accumulation of knowledge and techniques that enhance productivity.

6. **Infrastructure Development**: Settled communities can invest in infrastructure such as irrigation systems, storage facilities, and marketplaces, which further supports specialized labor and efficient production processes.

In contrast, nomadic societies often prioritize mobility and adaptability, which can limit the extent of labor specialization and economic diversification.