The two transitions that would most effectively begin a conclusion are:
- After all
- In conclusion (Though not explicitly listed in your options, it's common and effective for conclusions.)
Out of the provided options, "After all" is the best choice for summarizing or wrapping up the ideas discussed. However, none of the other options directly indicate a conclusion effectively. "By and large," "Despite," "For example," "Because," and "However" do not typically signal the transition to a conclusion.