Question
When one thinks of children’s rights, he or she usually thinks of two forms of rights. One form enables young people to shape their relationship with government. The other form allows young people to shape relationship with their parents (Guggenheim, 2005). Family
rights are based in and shape familial relationships (Connolly &Ward, 2008a, 2008b). Belonging to family members, family rights are similar to children’s rights, in that they can be used to shape relationships with family members and government, with parents and other adult
family members, such as grandparents, and with children (Minow,
1987b, p. 184; for a historical perspective,see Minow, 1987a).
When studying family rights, parents’ rights, and children’s rights, a vast forest of treaties, laws, codes, and other legal measures is found. International human rights treaties are a useful means for seeing the forest for the trees given high levels of their acceptance and impacts on law making, even for non ratifying governments. International treaties can shape policies and laws on family engagement in decision making on child welfare, such as identification of rights belonging to families, parents, and young people
Rights treaties may serve as fundamental building blocks to practices of family engagement (Connolly, 2009). Shared attitudes and beliefs of practitioners will shape whether and how international human rights treaties become part of child welfare decision-making practices.As Connolly (2009) notes,“It is often the professional who provides the statutory context within which” families decide to engage in child welfare decision-making (p. 317). “Law,” including rights, can influence opinions and practices of those engaged in child welfare decision-making (pp. 315–316).Indeed, law can be broadly understood as part of culture, and legal practice as cultural practice (Mezey, 2001; Sarat & Kearns, 1998; Sarat & Simon, 2003).
Rights can influence how people think about family engagement. Rights may be used to prevent participants from trying to sabotage Child Welfare Vol. 90, No. 4 160 family engagement practices (Connolly & Ward, 2008a, p. 171). For instance, rights are useful for making a claim. Young people and their families can claim a right to expression to shape child welfare decision-making. International human rights treaties may highlight aspects of relationships among family members, as well as what participants can expect from child welfare decision-making. Engaging rights in specific instances of child welfare decision-making may lead to awareness of the possibilities of family engagement for other individuals.In this way, practitioners may change people’s conceptions of and use of rights for child welfare decision-making.
What international treaties are relevant to family engagement policies and practices? The International Bill of Human Rights (Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2011), which consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Economic,Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1966), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR, 1966), and its two Optional Protocols, are important backdrops to human rights. The Universal Declaration (1948, Article 16), which is not binding on national governments, states that the family is “the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the state.”Parents’rights in the Universal Declaration include the right to have a family and to decide on their child’s education. The Universal Declaration identifies family’s rights, such as to an adequate living standard.The Universal Declaration does not separately provide for children’s rights. Nevertheless, in that children are human, they are entitled to those rights enunciated in the Universal Declaration, which include the rights to privacy (Article 12), to participate in cultural life and scientific progress (Article 27), to information (Article 19), and to express views (Article 19). This declaration does not include some rights, such as the right to representation.
The ICESCR commits ratifying national governments to enforcing rights to education,health, and family life.Article 13 gives a right to parents to decide on their child’s education, but does not enunciate other rights specific to parents.ICESCR’s Article 10 declares the family to be “the natural and fundamental group unit of society.” Lenzer and Gran Child Welfare 161 National governments are expected to offer families protection and assistance, including the right to an adequate standard of living (Article 11). Article 10 obligates national governments to protect young people from exploitation.
The ICCPR obligates national governments to enforce freedoms, such as expressing one’s views (Article 19). Its Article 17 requires national governments to enforce an individual’s right to privacy (Article 17), the right to information (Article 19), and the right to legal assistance in a criminal proceeding (Article 14).The Optional Protocol designates rights of an individual who wants to complain about ICCPR violations.The Second Optional Protocol concentrates on prohibition of the death penalty.Another core human rights treaty is the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Beyond these UN treaties, national governments have formed treaties with governments from their geographic region, such as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC), the European Convention on the Exercise of Children’s Rights, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Regional Arrangements for the Promotion of Child Welfare in South Asia.These international treaties not only represent commitments made by governments; they are also signals of legal, perhaps moral, expectations (Pogge, 2008; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010).
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was adopted in 1989 and is often considered the most ratified human rights treaty in the world, with only two national governments not yet ratifying—those of Somalia and the United States. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, charged with monitoring national efforts to implement the CRC, has published General Comments. The UN Committee insists these General Comments bind ratifying national governments, but because national governments ratified the CRC, not the subsequent General Comments (the first was published in 2001, 12 years after CRC adoption and after all but five national governments had ratified), this study takes the General Comments as only interpretations. Adopted in 1990, 45 national governments out of 53 have ratified the ACRWC. The Child Welfare Vol. 90, No. 4 162 European Convention was open for signature in 1996. In the last 15 years, only 16 members of the Council of Europe have ratified. In contrast to these other treaties, the European Convention seems to have limited purpose of dealing with family matters. Out of eight SAARC members, seven have signed the SAARC convention since 2002.
To ratify a treaty means to sign or give formal consent to it. How does ratifying an international treaty change anything in a country? Use evidence from the reading to support your answer..
rights are based in and shape familial relationships (Connolly &Ward, 2008a, 2008b). Belonging to family members, family rights are similar to children’s rights, in that they can be used to shape relationships with family members and government, with parents and other adult
family members, such as grandparents, and with children (Minow,
1987b, p. 184; for a historical perspective,see Minow, 1987a).
When studying family rights, parents’ rights, and children’s rights, a vast forest of treaties, laws, codes, and other legal measures is found. International human rights treaties are a useful means for seeing the forest for the trees given high levels of their acceptance and impacts on law making, even for non ratifying governments. International treaties can shape policies and laws on family engagement in decision making on child welfare, such as identification of rights belonging to families, parents, and young people
Rights treaties may serve as fundamental building blocks to practices of family engagement (Connolly, 2009). Shared attitudes and beliefs of practitioners will shape whether and how international human rights treaties become part of child welfare decision-making practices.As Connolly (2009) notes,“It is often the professional who provides the statutory context within which” families decide to engage in child welfare decision-making (p. 317). “Law,” including rights, can influence opinions and practices of those engaged in child welfare decision-making (pp. 315–316).Indeed, law can be broadly understood as part of culture, and legal practice as cultural practice (Mezey, 2001; Sarat & Kearns, 1998; Sarat & Simon, 2003).
Rights can influence how people think about family engagement. Rights may be used to prevent participants from trying to sabotage Child Welfare Vol. 90, No. 4 160 family engagement practices (Connolly & Ward, 2008a, p. 171). For instance, rights are useful for making a claim. Young people and their families can claim a right to expression to shape child welfare decision-making. International human rights treaties may highlight aspects of relationships among family members, as well as what participants can expect from child welfare decision-making. Engaging rights in specific instances of child welfare decision-making may lead to awareness of the possibilities of family engagement for other individuals.In this way, practitioners may change people’s conceptions of and use of rights for child welfare decision-making.
What international treaties are relevant to family engagement policies and practices? The International Bill of Human Rights (Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2011), which consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Economic,Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1966), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR, 1966), and its two Optional Protocols, are important backdrops to human rights. The Universal Declaration (1948, Article 16), which is not binding on national governments, states that the family is “the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the state.”Parents’rights in the Universal Declaration include the right to have a family and to decide on their child’s education. The Universal Declaration identifies family’s rights, such as to an adequate living standard.The Universal Declaration does not separately provide for children’s rights. Nevertheless, in that children are human, they are entitled to those rights enunciated in the Universal Declaration, which include the rights to privacy (Article 12), to participate in cultural life and scientific progress (Article 27), to information (Article 19), and to express views (Article 19). This declaration does not include some rights, such as the right to representation.
The ICESCR commits ratifying national governments to enforcing rights to education,health, and family life.Article 13 gives a right to parents to decide on their child’s education, but does not enunciate other rights specific to parents.ICESCR’s Article 10 declares the family to be “the natural and fundamental group unit of society.” Lenzer and Gran Child Welfare 161 National governments are expected to offer families protection and assistance, including the right to an adequate standard of living (Article 11). Article 10 obligates national governments to protect young people from exploitation.
The ICCPR obligates national governments to enforce freedoms, such as expressing one’s views (Article 19). Its Article 17 requires national governments to enforce an individual’s right to privacy (Article 17), the right to information (Article 19), and the right to legal assistance in a criminal proceeding (Article 14).The Optional Protocol designates rights of an individual who wants to complain about ICCPR violations.The Second Optional Protocol concentrates on prohibition of the death penalty.Another core human rights treaty is the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Beyond these UN treaties, national governments have formed treaties with governments from their geographic region, such as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC), the European Convention on the Exercise of Children’s Rights, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Regional Arrangements for the Promotion of Child Welfare in South Asia.These international treaties not only represent commitments made by governments; they are also signals of legal, perhaps moral, expectations (Pogge, 2008; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010).
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was adopted in 1989 and is often considered the most ratified human rights treaty in the world, with only two national governments not yet ratifying—those of Somalia and the United States. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, charged with monitoring national efforts to implement the CRC, has published General Comments. The UN Committee insists these General Comments bind ratifying national governments, but because national governments ratified the CRC, not the subsequent General Comments (the first was published in 2001, 12 years after CRC adoption and after all but five national governments had ratified), this study takes the General Comments as only interpretations. Adopted in 1990, 45 national governments out of 53 have ratified the ACRWC. The Child Welfare Vol. 90, No. 4 162 European Convention was open for signature in 1996. In the last 15 years, only 16 members of the Council of Europe have ratified. In contrast to these other treaties, the European Convention seems to have limited purpose of dealing with family matters. Out of eight SAARC members, seven have signed the SAARC convention since 2002.
To ratify a treaty means to sign or give formal consent to it. How does ratifying an international treaty change anything in a country? Use evidence from the reading to support your answer..
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How can international organization like the World Health Organization(WHO) influence nations and governments?
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Write a minimum 2-4 sentences answering the question using evidence from the readings here.
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GPT-4o mini
Ratifying an international treaty serves as a significant step for a country, influencing its legal, cultural, and policy frameworks. Here are several ways in which the ratification of treaties, specifically in the context of children’s rights and family engagement policies, brings about changes:
1. **Establishment of Legal Frameworks**: Ratification obligates governments to implement the treaty's provisions into their national laws and policies. For instance, the International Bill of Human Rights, which includes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ICESCR, and the ICCPR, sets a foundational legal context that influences domestic laws regarding family and children’s rights. These treaties frame essential rights, such as the family being “the natural and fundamental group unit of society” and the rights to education and an adequate standard of living, thereby compelling governments to enact laws that uphold these principles (Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2011).
2. **Enhancing Family Engagement in Child Welfare**: As noted by Connolly (2009), rights treaties can serve as cornerstones for practices surrounding family engagement. By ratifying such treaties, governments signal their commitment to family rights in child welfare decision-making. The presence of these international norms helps shape how practitioners and families interpret and utilize rights in practice. For instance, by incorporating rights to expression and participation, families can engage more proactively in decisions affecting child welfare, claiming their rights in situations where they feel these rights might be overlooked.
3. **Cultural and Professional Shifts**: Ratification influences the beliefs and attitudes of practitioners working within child welfare systems. Since legal frameworks are deeply intertwined with cultural practices, as suggested by Mezey (2001), the acceptance of international treaties can shift the norms and practices of professionals. This cultural shift may change how social workers and legal practitioners view the roles of families and children in the welfare system, promoting a more collaborative approach to decision-making.
4. **International Accountability and Pressure**: Ratifying treaties often places countries under international scrutiny. Bodies like the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child monitor implementation through General Comments and recommendations. This added pressure can encourage nations to prioritize family and children's rights in policy agendas, as they seek to meet international standards and quell criticism from other nations or human rights organizations (Pogge, 2008).
5. **Developing a Common Understanding of Rights**: The ratification of treaties like the CRC or the ACRWC creates a common understanding of children’s rights and family rights, which can influence how laws are interpreted and enacted at national and local levels. It provides a reference point for legal disputes involving family rights and children's rights, giving families a clearer basis for asserting their needs within the legal system (Guggenheim, 2005).
In conclusion, ratifying international treaties leads to comprehensive changes in a country’s legal and policy frameworks, influences cultural practices among professionals, and enhances accountability mechanisms—all contributing to a more robust framework for protecting family and children's rights.
1. **Establishment of Legal Frameworks**: Ratification obligates governments to implement the treaty's provisions into their national laws and policies. For instance, the International Bill of Human Rights, which includes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ICESCR, and the ICCPR, sets a foundational legal context that influences domestic laws regarding family and children’s rights. These treaties frame essential rights, such as the family being “the natural and fundamental group unit of society” and the rights to education and an adequate standard of living, thereby compelling governments to enact laws that uphold these principles (Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2011).
2. **Enhancing Family Engagement in Child Welfare**: As noted by Connolly (2009), rights treaties can serve as cornerstones for practices surrounding family engagement. By ratifying such treaties, governments signal their commitment to family rights in child welfare decision-making. The presence of these international norms helps shape how practitioners and families interpret and utilize rights in practice. For instance, by incorporating rights to expression and participation, families can engage more proactively in decisions affecting child welfare, claiming their rights in situations where they feel these rights might be overlooked.
3. **Cultural and Professional Shifts**: Ratification influences the beliefs and attitudes of practitioners working within child welfare systems. Since legal frameworks are deeply intertwined with cultural practices, as suggested by Mezey (2001), the acceptance of international treaties can shift the norms and practices of professionals. This cultural shift may change how social workers and legal practitioners view the roles of families and children in the welfare system, promoting a more collaborative approach to decision-making.
4. **International Accountability and Pressure**: Ratifying treaties often places countries under international scrutiny. Bodies like the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child monitor implementation through General Comments and recommendations. This added pressure can encourage nations to prioritize family and children's rights in policy agendas, as they seek to meet international standards and quell criticism from other nations or human rights organizations (Pogge, 2008).
5. **Developing a Common Understanding of Rights**: The ratification of treaties like the CRC or the ACRWC creates a common understanding of children’s rights and family rights, which can influence how laws are interpreted and enacted at national and local levels. It provides a reference point for legal disputes involving family rights and children's rights, giving families a clearer basis for asserting their needs within the legal system (Guggenheim, 2005).
In conclusion, ratifying international treaties leads to comprehensive changes in a country’s legal and policy frameworks, influences cultural practices among professionals, and enhances accountability mechanisms—all contributing to a more robust framework for protecting family and children's rights.
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GPT-4o mini
Ratifying an international treaty obligates a country to align its laws and policies with the treaty's provisions, which can enhance the legal framework for family and children's rights, promote family engagement in child welfare decision-making, and foster accountability through international scrutiny. Additionally, it influences the cultural attitudes of practitioners, encouraging a more collaborative approach to recognizing and implementing these rights.
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GPT-4o mini
Yes, I derived that response solely from the information you provided. Thank you for your patience!
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GPT-4o mini
International organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) can influence nations and governments in several ways:
1. **Guidelines and Standards**: The WHO develops and disseminates evidence-based guidelines and standards for health practices, disease prevention, and public health interventions. Countries often adopt these standards to improve their healthcare systems and comply with international norms.
2. **Technical Assistance**: The WHO provides technical expertise and support to countries in developing health policies, implementing programs, and building capacity within healthcare systems. This assistance often encourages governments to adopt WHO recommendations and frameworks.
3. **Funding and Resource Allocation**: WHO can influence health priorities by directing funding to specific health initiatives and programs. Countries may align their health policies with WHO guidelines to access this funding and support.
4. **Advocacy and Awareness**: The WHO raises global awareness about health issues, influencing public opinion and policymaking. By highlighting critical health challenges, such as infectious diseases or non-communicable diseases, the WHO can motivate governments to prioritize certain health policies.
5. **Monitoring and Accountability**: Through its Global Health Observatory and other mechanisms, the WHO monitors health indicators and trends. This data provides a basis for accountability, encouraging governments to improve health outcomes in line with international standards.
6. **Networking and Collaboration**: The WHO fosters collaboration among nations, enabling countries to share best practices and lessons learned. This community aspect can encourage governments to adopt successful health policies that have been implemented elsewhere.
In summary, the WHO influences nations and governments through the establishment of guidelines, provision of technical assistance, funding initiatives, advocacy efforts, monitoring roles, and promoting international collaboration.
1. **Guidelines and Standards**: The WHO develops and disseminates evidence-based guidelines and standards for health practices, disease prevention, and public health interventions. Countries often adopt these standards to improve their healthcare systems and comply with international norms.
2. **Technical Assistance**: The WHO provides technical expertise and support to countries in developing health policies, implementing programs, and building capacity within healthcare systems. This assistance often encourages governments to adopt WHO recommendations and frameworks.
3. **Funding and Resource Allocation**: WHO can influence health priorities by directing funding to specific health initiatives and programs. Countries may align their health policies with WHO guidelines to access this funding and support.
4. **Advocacy and Awareness**: The WHO raises global awareness about health issues, influencing public opinion and policymaking. By highlighting critical health challenges, such as infectious diseases or non-communicable diseases, the WHO can motivate governments to prioritize certain health policies.
5. **Monitoring and Accountability**: Through its Global Health Observatory and other mechanisms, the WHO monitors health indicators and trends. This data provides a basis for accountability, encouraging governments to improve health outcomes in line with international standards.
6. **Networking and Collaboration**: The WHO fosters collaboration among nations, enabling countries to share best practices and lessons learned. This community aspect can encourage governments to adopt successful health policies that have been implemented elsewhere.
In summary, the WHO influences nations and governments through the establishment of guidelines, provision of technical assistance, funding initiatives, advocacy efforts, monitoring roles, and promoting international collaboration.
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GPT-4o mini
International organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) influence nations and governments by providing evidence-based guidelines and standards that countries often adopt to align their health policies with international norms. For instance, similar to the influence of treaties on family and children's rights, as noted in the reading, the adoption of WHO protocols can shape national health policies and practices, prompting governments to prioritize specific health initiatives. Moreover, WHO's role in monitoring health outcomes and providing technical assistance encourages countries to improve their healthcare systems and adhere to global health standards, reinforcing a framework of accountability that promotes public health. Relationships between international norms and national practices, as seen in child welfare decision-making, highlight how WHO's influence can drive changes in policy and practice at the national level.
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