The primary factor that affects Georgia’s climate is its geographic location. Georgia is situated in the southeastern United States, which places it in a region that typically experiences a humid subtropical climate. This geographic position contributes to the state's warm summers and mild winters, as well as its overall precipitation patterns.
While the other options listed (discovery of coal, abundance of minerals, and types of crops grown) can have some local economic or environmental impacts, they do not significantly influence the overall climate of Georgia like its geographic location does.