Which of his signs and symptoms are associated with the forward effects of left-side heart failure? Select all that apply.

In left-sided heart failure, the forward effects primarily relate to the heart's inability to effectively pump blood to the body, which can lead to various signs and symptoms. The following options are associated with the forward effects of left-sided heart failure:

- **Decreased blood pressure**: This can occur due to reduced cardiac output.
- **Increased heart rate**: The body may compensate for decreased cardiac output by increasing heart rate.

The other options you provided—headache, pulmonary crackles, and pulmonary edema—are generally more associated with the backward effects of left-sided heart failure, as they relate to fluid backing up into the lungs and the systemic consequences of increased pressures.

So, the signs and symptoms associated with the forward effects of left-side heart failure are:
- Decreased blood pressure
- Increased heart rate