Question

Which of the following are expected in response to left ventricular failure? Select all that apply.

Increased anti-diuretic hormone
Decreased heart rate
Decreased sodium and water reabsorption
Increased angiotensin II
Increased urine output

Answer 1

In response to left ventricular failure, the following are expected:

1. **Increased anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)** - This is due to the body's attempt to retain water to increase blood volume and counteract the decreased cardiac output.

2. **Increased angiotensin II** - Left ventricular failure leads to reduced renal perfusion and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), resulting in increased levels of angiotensin II.

The other options are not expected in response to left ventricular failure:

- **Decreased heart rate** - Typically, heart rate may increase as the body tries to compensate for reduced cardiac output.

- **Decreased sodium and water reabsorption** - In left ventricular failure, sodium and water reabsorption is usually increased to help maintain blood volume.

- **Increased urine output** - Left ventricular failure typically leads to decreased urine output due to fluid retention mechanisms.

So, the correct responses are:

- Increased anti-diuretic hormone
- Increased angiotensin II