1. **Organs of the Respiratory System:**
- Nose and nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi and their branches (bronchioles)
- Lungs (including alveoli)
2. **Parts of These Organs:**
- **Nose/Nasal Cavity:**
- External nares (nostrils)
- Nasal septum
- Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior)
- Nasopharynx
- **Pharynx:**
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- **Larynx:**
- Hyroid bone
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Vocal cords (true and false)
- **Trachea:**
- Cartilaginous rings
- Trachealis muscle
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- **Bronchi/Bronchioles:**
- Primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
- Smaller bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
- **Lungs:**
- Lobes (right lung: superior, middle, inferior; left lung: superior, inferior)
- Lobules
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
3. **Flow of Air from the Atmosphere to the Alveolus:**
- Air enters through the **nostrils** (or **mouth**)
- Travels through the **nasal cavity** (or **oral cavity**)
- Passes through the **pharynx** (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
- Continues through the **larynx**
- Enters the **trachea**
- Moves into the **primary bronchi** (right and left bronchus)
- Travels through the **secondary bronchi**
- Proceeds to the **tertiary bronchi**
- Travels down **smaller bronchi**
- Passes into the **terminal bronchioles**
- Continues through the **respiratory bronchioles**
- Moves through the **alveolar ducts**
- Finally reaches the **alveoli**
4. **Functions of the Structures of the Respiratory System:**
- **Nose/Nasal Cavity:** Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air; houses olfactory receptors.
- **Pharynx:** Passageway for air and food; houses tonsils which participate in immune response.
- **Larynx:** Contains vocal cords for voice production; acts as a switching mechanism to route air and food appropriately.
- **Trachea:** Air passage connecting larynx to bronchi; its cartilage keeps the airway open.
- **Bronchi/Bronchioles:** Air passageways to the lungs; branches progressively narrow, with bronchioles leading to alveoli.
- **Lungs/Alveoli:** Primary organs of respiration; alveoli are the site of gas exchange with the blood.
5. **Anatomical and Histological Features of the Layers of the Trachea:**
- **Mucosa:**
- Epithelium: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
- Lamina propria: Connective tissue layer with elastic fibers.
- **Submucosa:**
- Contains seromucous glands that secrete mucus.
- Dense connective tissue.
- **Hyaline Cartilage:**
- C-shaped rings provide structural support and maintain open airway.
- **Adventitia:**
- Outermost layer of connective tissue, anchoring the trachea to adjacent tissues.
6. **Microscopic Structures Seen on the Lung Section and Their Functions:**
- **Alveoli:** Small air sacs for gas exchange; lined with type I and type II alveolar cells.
- **Type I Alveolar Cells:** Flat cells forming the structure of the alveolar wall, facilitating gas exchange.
- **Type II Alveolar Cells:** Secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse.
- **Alveolar Macrophages:** Scavenge debris and pathogens in the alveolar spaces.
- **Capillaries:** Surround the alveoli, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood.
- **Respiratory Bronchioles:** Transition structures between conducting airways and gas exchange regions.
- **Alveolar Ducts:** Channels leading into alveolar sacs, facilitating airflow between respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.
Each structure and its organization are meticulously designed to optimize the respiratory process, encompassing air filtration, conduction, and gas exchange.
1. Identify the organs that compose the respiratory system.
2. Identify the parts of these organs.
3. Trace the flow of air from the atmosphere to the alveolus.
4. Give the function of the structures of this system.
5. Identify the anatomical and histological features of the layers of the trachea.
6. Identify all microscopic structures seen on the lung section and give their functions
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