3. Your neighbor, Micah, is going to be traveling to a developing country this summer to help build schools and libraries in remote areas. His doctor tells him he needs to be vaccinated for certain diseases before he travels. Micah asks you why on earth the doctor wants him to be vaccinated. Micah says, “This isn’t the 1600s. I’m pretty sure I can’t get the plague from traveling the world to help others.” How would you explain to Micah why infectious diseases are still among the leading causes of death worldwide? To explain to Micah the situation in the world further, define and give examples of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. What could you also tell Micah about the available technology to combat infectious disease in developing countries?

Answer 1

When Micah questions why vaccinations are necessary for his upcoming trip, it’s important to explain to him that, despite advancements in medicine and sanitation, infectious diseases still pose significant risks, particularly in developing countries. Here’s how you can help him understand:

Importance of Vaccination

1. Global Health Context: Infectious diseases are still leading causes of death in many parts of the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS continue to affect millions. Factors such as poverty, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and lack of access to preventive measures contribute to the persistence of these diseases.

2. Vulnerable Populations: In developing countries, people may not have access to routine vaccinations that shield against diseases like measles, cholera, or hepatitis A. This can lead to outbreaks that pose risks to travelers as well—like Micah—who may not have immunity against these diseases.

3. Travel-Related Risks: Traveling to areas with different disease prevalence exposes individuals to pathogens they might not encounter at home. Vaccination acts as a personal protective measure and also helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases from travelers to the local population.

Examples of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

• Emerging Infectious Diseases: These are diseases that have recently appeared in a population or are increasing in incidence or geographic range. Examples include:

  • Zika Virus: First identified in the 1940s but gained prominence in 2015-2016 due to outbreaks in the Americas.
  • Nipah Virus: Emerging in parts of Southeast Asia, transmitted from animals to humans.

• Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: These are diseases that were previously under control but have resurfaced. Examples include:

  • Tuberculosis (TB): Once declining, TB rates are rising again, particularly with the emergence of drug-resistant strains.
  • Measles: After being nearly eradicated in some areas through vaccination, outbreaks have occurred due to declining vaccination rates.

Available Technology to Combat Infectious Disease in Developing Countries

1. Vaccination Programs: Many global health organizations, such as WHO and UNICEF, run vaccination campaigns to increase immunization coverage in disadvantaged areas, especially for children.

2. Mobile Health Solutions: Technologies like mobile apps and telemedicine are enabling healthcare workers in remote regions to improve their disease surveillance, track vaccination schedules, and educate communities.

3. Diagnostics and Treatments: Advances in diagnostic technologies, such as rapid tests for diseases like malaria and HIV, enable quicker identification and treatment, which is crucial in managing outbreaks.

4. Global Partnerships: Organizations like the Global Fund and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, are dedicated not only to providing vaccines but also to strengthening local healthcare systems to ensure sustainable health improvements.

In conclusion, it’s crucial for Micah to understand that while the world has made considerable progress in healthcare, infectious diseases remain a significant threat, particularly in developing nations. Vaccinations play a crucial role in safeguarding both travelers and local populations, aiding in the global effort to combat these persistent health challenges.