3. Create a table to define and show examples of the 3 types of gene mutations. (Substitution, Insertion and Deletion)

Question

4. Create a table to define and show the 4 types of chromosomal mutations.

5. What is genetic engineering? Give an example

6. What is selective breeding? Give an example

7. What is gene splicing? When is it used?

8. What is gel electrophoresis?

9. What is a DNA Fingerprint?

Unit 6: Genetics

1. What are the names of Mendel's Laws and what do they say?

2. What's the difference between homozygous and heterozygous, give an example

3. What is the difference between dominant and recessive, give an example

4. What is incomplete dominance? Codominance? How are they different?

5. What are the phenotypes and genotypes of the blood types?

6. If I cross a brown bear (Bb) with a black bear (bb), what are my genotypic ratios?

Answer 1

Sure! Here’s the detailed information based on your requests:

3. Types of Gene Mutations

| Type of Mutation | Definition | Example | |--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------| | Substitution | A single nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide. | Adenine (A) is replaced by Cytosine (C) in a DNA sequence, changing it from ATTG to ACTG. | | Insertion | One or more nucleotides are added into a DNA sequence. | A sequence GAT becomes GATC when a C is inserted, resulting in a frameshift mutation. | | Deletion | One or more nucleotides are removed from a DNA sequence. | A sequence GAT becomes GT when an A is deleted, causing a frameshift mutation. |

4. Types of Chromosomal Mutations

| Type of Chromosomal Mutation | Definition | Example | |------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------| | Deletion | A portion of the chromosome is lost. | A segment ABCDEFG becomes ABDFG. | | Duplication | A portion of the chromosome is duplicated. | A segment ABCDEFG becomes ABCDEFGFG. | | Inversion | A portion of the chromosome is reversed. | A segment ABCDEFG becomes ABEDCFG. | | Translocation | A segment from one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome. | A segment ABC from chromosome 1 is inserted into chromosome 2, creating a new structure. |

5. Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism's DNA to modify its characteristics. It often involves adding, removing, or altering genetic material to achieve desired traits.

Example: The creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) like Bt corn, which is engineered to express a bacterial protein that helps resist pests.

6. Selective Breeding

Selective breeding is the process of breeding plants and animals for specific desired traits over successive generations.

Example: Breeding racehorses for speed, where only the fastest horses are selected as breeding stock.

7. Gene Splicing

Gene splicing is a technique used to join together DNA from different sources, often involving the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA and ligases to join them.

When is it used?: Gene splicing is used in genetic engineering to create recombinant DNA for research, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals.

8. Gel Electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and charge. The sample is placed in a gel and subjected to an electric field, causing the molecules to migrate through the gel at different rates.

9. DNA Fingerprint

A DNA fingerprint is a unique profile of an individual's DNA that is used for identification purposes. It is created by analyzing specific regions of DNA that vary widely between individuals, often using techniques like gel electrophoresis.

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Unit 6: Genetics

1. Mendel's Laws

• Law of Segregation: Each individual has two alleles for each trait, which segregate during gamete formation, resulting in each gamete carrying only one allele.
• Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits assort independently of one another in the formation of gametes.

2. Difference Between Homozygous and Heterozygous

• Homozygous: Organism with two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., AA or aa).
• Heterozygous: Organism with two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Aa).

3. Difference Between Dominant and Recessive

• Dominant: An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele in heterozygous conditions (e.g., A is dominant over a in Aa).
• Recessive: An allele that is masked by a dominant allele (e.g., the allele a in Aa).

4. Incomplete Dominance vs Codominance

• Incomplete Dominance: A situation where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes (e.g., red flowers (RR) crossed with white flowers (WW) produce pink flowers (RW)).
• Codominance: Both alleles in a heterozygote are expressed equally (e.g., AB blood type where both A and B alleles are expressed).

5. Phenotypes and Genotypes of Blood Types

| Blood Type | Genotype | Phenotype | |------------|-----------|--------------| | A | AA or AO | A | | B | BB or BO | B | | AB | AB | AB | | O | OO | O |

6. Genotypic Ratios from Crossing a Brown Bear (Bb) with a Black Bear (bb)

• Possible combinations:
  • Bb (Brown)
  • Bb (Brown)
  • bb (Black)
  • bb (Black)

Genotypic Ratio: 2 Bb : 2 bb (or simplified to 1 Bb : 1 bb).

I hope this information helps! Let me know if you have any further questions!