The answers are as follows:
1. European colonialism affected Washington by European countries claiming and fighting over land already inhabited by Native Americans.
2. European countries benefited from establishing colonies in North America by increased wealth for European countries.
3. Explorers searched for the Northwest Passage because they needed a direct sea route between Washington and China.
4. Some sailors who explored the Pacific Northwest suffered from scurvy because sailors did not eat fresh fruits and vegetables over long trips.
5. The price of beaver fur would likely rise if beavers become difficult to find.
6. The British and Spanish resolved the Nootka Sound Controversy without war because both sides were afraid war would weaken their countries in Europe.
7. The Nootka Sound Controversy was settled with both countries agreeing to allow the other to operate in the region, but at a distance.
8. George Vancouver led efforts to chart the Puget Sound.