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The correct answers for the questions are:
1) A pioneer species is the first species in a barren area.
2) After an extreme disturbance, the first thing to form in an ecosystem is a group of lichens.
3) The melting and subsequent retreat of glaciers is considered an extreme disturbance because they leave behind bare rock with no established ecosystem.
4) Currently, plastic pollution is having the greatest effect on the entire interconnected ocean ecosystem.
5) Volcanic eruptions can drastically alter the ecosystem.