Cell specialization, (also known as cell differentiation), is a process in multicellular organisms where cells develop specific functions. During early development, cells undergo a process where they commit to becoming a specific cell type and acquire distinct structures and functions to help them carry out specialized roles within the organism. These specialized cells may be found only in certain areas of the body, such as in epithelial cells (skin) or bone cells, or may be found throughout the body, such as blood cells in the circulatory system. Other examples include muscle cells, liver cells, bone, and nerve cells.

Question

So what controls how cells know to differentiate into a wide variety of specialized cells? It is controlled by the genetic material contained within each cell. Remember that during interphase in somatic cells (body cells), the cells are growing and the DNA is being replicated. Then, at some point there is a signal to start the cell division process. It is at this point that the DNA of each cell is triggered to do work.

Every single cell in your body contains the exact same copy of DNA as every other cell. That DNA contains individual sections called genes. There are genes that will code for specific proteins or traits. It is these genes found on the DNA strands that will determine whether a cell becomes a skin cell, or a nerve cell, or a bone cell, etc. So how exactly does this occur?

All of the cells within an organism are constantly sending signals to each other. It is the specific signals that turn on (activate) certain genes along the DNA strand. As the DNA is transcribed, it is read by the RNA. The RNA then makes the specific proteins coded for on the DNA strand. It is these specific proteins that determine what type of cell it will become.

For example, cells in the interior of the body will be signaled by genes to become either muscle cells or connective tissues, while other cells on the exterior of the body will be signaled to become epithelial cells. This process is known as gene expression. Any errors, or mutations, to the gene may cause errors that can lead to a variety of disorders and diseases.
Cell specialization is critical for the overall functioning of tissues, organs, and organ systems. Without specialized cells, the human body would not be able to perform essential functions such as digestion, oxygen transport, and immune responses.

Highlight some texts in the passage

Answer 1

- "During early development, cells undergo a process where they commit to becoming a specific cell type and acquire distinct structures and functions to help them carry out specialized roles within the organism."
- "It is controlled by the genetic material contained within each cell."
- "There are genes that will code for specific proteins or traits."
- "It is these genes found on the DNA strands that will determine whether a cell becomes a skin cell, or a nerve cell, or a bone cell, etc."
- "All of the cells within an organism are constantly sending signals to each other."
- "It is the specific signals that turn on (activate) certain genes along the DNA strand."
- "It is these specific proteins that determine what type of cell it will become."
- "This process is known as gene expression."
- "Cell specialization is critical for the overall functioning of tissues, organs, and organ systems."