Document 1 "We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule. We agree that we must put aside all petty differences in order to gain this most important goal. We wish to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but also because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development." — Count Camillo di Cavour, 1852 Source: Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, 1852. Answer the questions below based on information you can gather from the source, and your knowledge of social studies. Who (is speaking/who do they represent): What (is happening in the source/is the intent): Where (is this happening): When (is this happening/historical context): Why (would unification help Italy): Possible Enduring Issues:
Counti Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
Count Cavour is expressing his wish to free Italy from foreign rule and unite the country.
Piedmont Sardinia in Italy
1810-1861
Unification would help Italy become powerful and glorious, elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development, and drive out foreign rulers from the country.
Nationalism/Right to Self Government & Power
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Answer the questions below based on information you can gather from the source above, and your knowledge of social studies. Who (generally are the people affected by what is described): What (is happening in the source/is the intent of the actions): Where (is this happening): When (is this happening/historical context): Why (would unification help Serbia): Possible Enduring Issues: Document 3 Jomo Kenyatta, a leader of the independence movement in Kenya, the country’s Prime Minister in 1963, and its first President in 1964, gave the following speech at a Kenya African Union Meeting in Nyeri, Kenya on July 26, 1952. The Kenya African Union was the political party led by Kenyatta, and it was in power in the country from 40 years after independence. ...If we unite now, each and every one of us, and each tribe to another, we will cause the implementation in this country of that which the European calls democracy. True democracy has no colour distinction. It does not choose between black and white. We are here in this tremendous gathering under the K.A.U. [Kenya African Union] flag to find which road leads us from darkness into democracy. In order to find it we Africans must first achieve the right to elect our own representatives. That is surely the first principle of democracy. We are the only race in Kenya which does not elect its own representatives in the Legislature and we are going to set about to rectify this situation. We feel we are dominated by a handful of others who refuse to be just. God said this is our land. Land in which we are to flourish as a people. We are not worried that other races are here with us in our country, but we insist that we are the leaders here, and what we want we insist we get. We want our cattle to get fat on our land so that our children grow up in prosperity; we do not want that fat removed to feed others. He who has ears should now hear that K.A.U. claims this land as its own gift from God and I wish those who are black, white or brown at this meeting to know this. K.A.U. speaks in daylight...We want to prosper as a nation, and as a nation we demand equality, that is equal pay for equal work. Whether it is a chief, headman or labourer he needs in these days increased salary. He needs a salary that compares with a salary of a European who does equal work. We will never get our freedom unless we succeed in this issue. We do not want
Serbian nationalist
The creation of a secret organization called Unification or Death, aimed at uniting Serbdom through revolutionary means.
Serbia
1911
Unification would help Serbia by strengthening its national identity, defending against enemies, and supporting other nations fighting for liberation
Nationalism/Right to Self Government
equal pay for equal work tomorrow-we want it right now. Those who profess to be just must realize that this is the foundation of justice. It has never been known in history that a country prospers without equality. We despise bribery and corruption, those two words that the European repeatedly refers to. Bribery and corruption is prevalent in this country, but I am not surprised. As long as a people are held down, corruption is sure to rise and the only answer to this is a policy of equality. If we work together as one, we must succeed. Source: Jomo Kenyatta: The Kenya Africa Union Is Not the Mau Mau, 1952. Answer the questions below based on information you can gather from the source, and your knowledge of social studies. Who (is the speaker, who do they speak for): What (is happening in the source/is the intent of the actions): Where (is this happening): When (is this happening/historical context): Why (does this figure need to say these things, what led up to the circumstances): Possible Enduring Issues: Document 4 The day he was released from jail, Nelson Mandela made the following speech in Cape Town, South Africa on February 11, 1990. The transcript of that speech appeared in the New York Times the next day. ...On this day of my release, I extend my sincere and warmest gratitude to the millions of my compatriots and those in every corner of the globe who have campaigned tirelessly for my release. I extend special greetings to the people of Cape Town, the city which has been my home for three decades. Your mass marches and other forms of struggle have served as a constant source of strength to all political prisoners. I salute the African National Congress. It has fulfilled our every expectation in its role as leader of the great march to freedom....I salute the rank-and-file members of the A.N.C. You have sacrificed life and limb in the pursuit of the noble cause of our struggle.
Kenyatta is speaking at a K.A.U. meeting to advocate for equal rights, democracy, and self-governance for the people of Kenya.
Jomo Kenyatta
Kenya
1952
Impact of Colonization, Impact of Decolonization/Resistance, Nationalism/Right to Self-Government
Kenyatta is advocating for equal rights and self-governance because the African people in Kenya are being dominated by a few others who refuse to be just, leading to inequality and corruption.
Leader's Salutations I salute combatants of Umkonto We Sizwe [Spear of the Nation], like Solomon Malhangu and Ashley Kriel, who have paid the ultimate price for the freedom of all South Africans.... I also salute the Black Sash and the National Union of South African Students. We note with pride that you have acted as the conscience of white South Africans... Need for Armed Struggle ...Today the majority of South Africans, black and white, recognize that apartheid has no future. It has to be ended by our own decisive mass actions in order to build peace and security. The mass campaigns of defiance and other actions of our organizations and people can only culminate in the establishment of democracy. The apartheid destruction on our subcontinent is incalculable. The fabric of family life of millions of my people has been shattered. Millions are homeless and unemployed.... Universal suffrage on a common voters roll in a united democratic and nonracial South Africa is the only way to peace and racial harmony. In conclusion, I wish to go to my own words during my trial in 1964. They are as true today as they were then. I wrote: I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the idea of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. [The following portion was delivered in Xhosa. The translation was provided by Mbulelo Mzamane, a professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Georgia.] My friends, I have no words of eloquence to offer today except to say that the remaining days of my life are in your hands. [He continued in English.] I hope you will disperse with discipline. And not a single one of you should do anything which will make other people to say that we can't control our own people. Source: Nelson Mandela, SOUTH AFRICA'S NEW ERA; Transcript of Mandela's Speech at Cape Town City Hall: 'Africa It Is Ours!, New York Times published February 12, 1990. Answer the questions below based on information you can gather from the source, and your knowledge of social studies. Who (is the speaker, who do they speak for): What (is happening in the source/is the intent of the actions): Where (is this happening): When (is this happening/historical context):
Nelson Mandela
1990
Cape Town City hall
Nelson Mandela is calling for mass actions and unity in order to achieve peace and racial harmony.
Why (does this figure need to say these things, what led up to the circumstances): Possible Enduring Issues: Document 5 Catalonia is a region of northeastern Spain, whose capital and largest city is Barcelona. The people in Catalonia speak Catalan as well as Spanish and have a culture and history that is distinct from other parts of the country. Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, which means that it is a part of the country of Spain but has the right to self-government in most of its affairs. On October 1, 2017, Catalans who support separation voted to secede from Spain. Many who opposed separation did not participate in the vote. The Spanish government declared the vote illegal and sent riot police to the region to stop it. Violence broke out between police and protestors which led to hundreds of injuries. Catalonian leaders were forced to leave Spain or face arrest. On October 1, 2018, Catalan separatists again took to the streets in protest. In 2018 according to a National Public Radio report, Catalonia’s President Quim Torra stated, “The First of October is and will always be the day the Catalan people demonstrated their immense commitment to democracy and freedom . . . A year ago, the Spanish state repressed such a basic right as the right to self-determination and also freedom of expression.” He added, “The October 1 vote is the seed of the republic." Photo of a clash between protestors and police during the Catalan independence referendum on October 1, 2017.
Mandela needs to say these things to show gratitude, unity, and determination in the struggle against apartheid, as well as to call for continued efforts towards democracy and racial harmony in South Africa.
Human Rights Violations/Oppression, power and authority, global interdependence.
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Catalonian Separatists
The intent of the actions is to push for Catalonian independence and demonstrate a commitment to democracy and freedom.
Barcelona
2017
The historical context leading up to these circumstances includes Catalonia's distinct culture and history, as well as the region's desire for autonomy and independence.
Human Rights Violations/Oppression
Enduring Issue Essay Outline Introduction ● Identify the Enduring Issue ● Define the Enduring Issue ● In general, how has it changed or continued over time? ● ● ●
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