Question
Give three factors that Aid in Ultra filtration in the glomerular
(b) Give explanation of the following
(i) Plasma proteins are absent in glomerular filtrate
(ii) Urine of a normal person does not have glucose
(iii) During cold days one produces large quantities of dilute Urine
(c) State 3 adaptation of convoluted tubule to re-absorption
4. (a) State any three adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis
(b) How do the following factors affect rate of photosynthesis
(i) Chlorophyll
(ii) Sunlight
(iii) Carbon dioxide
5. (a) During cooking a cook unfortunately touched a hot charcoal burner. He pulled in
and abruptly.
(i) What is the name of that response?
(ii) What is the name given to pathway which describe response in 5(a) (i) above
(b) Illustrate the pathway of an impulse from the sense organs to effectors of the cooks’ hand
6. Juma visited Mikumi National park and saw the following organisms, Zebra, giraffe, lion Grasses, Mushroom, hyena and antelope.
(a) Construct two (2) food chains from organism observed in the National park
(b) Construct a simple food web
(c) Identify organism which are
(i) Producer
(ii) Secondary consumer
(iii) Decomposer
7. (a) Draw a diagram of maize cell and label the parts responsible for the following functions.
(i) Control all activities of cell
(ii) Provide shape of the cell
(iii) Chemical reaction occur here
(b)How is maize cell different from cell of a goat?
8. (a).With examples differentiate epigeal germination from hypogeal germination
(b) State the conditions necessary for seed germination and briefly describe how they facilitate germination
SECTION C (30 MARKS)
Answer two (2) questions in this section
9. (a) Give the differences between the following items as used in growth by giving examples.
(i) Diffuse growth and allometric growth
(ii) Limited growth and unlimited growth
(b) (i) Draw the diagram of sigmoid growth curve, label the four significant phases.
(ii). Briefly explain why during adolescence stage the rate of growth is rapid
10. Many people believe that fungi are harmful organism. As biologist, explain six ways in which fungi are beneficial to humans
11. Briefly explain the HIV/AIDS basing on the following guidelines
Meaning, Mode of transmission, Symptoms, Preventive measures, Effects and Treatment/cure
(b) Give explanation of the following
(i) Plasma proteins are absent in glomerular filtrate
(ii) Urine of a normal person does not have glucose
(iii) During cold days one produces large quantities of dilute Urine
(c) State 3 adaptation of convoluted tubule to re-absorption
4. (a) State any three adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis
(b) How do the following factors affect rate of photosynthesis
(i) Chlorophyll
(ii) Sunlight
(iii) Carbon dioxide
5. (a) During cooking a cook unfortunately touched a hot charcoal burner. He pulled in
and abruptly.
(i) What is the name of that response?
(ii) What is the name given to pathway which describe response in 5(a) (i) above
(b) Illustrate the pathway of an impulse from the sense organs to effectors of the cooks’ hand
6. Juma visited Mikumi National park and saw the following organisms, Zebra, giraffe, lion Grasses, Mushroom, hyena and antelope.
(a) Construct two (2) food chains from organism observed in the National park
(b) Construct a simple food web
(c) Identify organism which are
(i) Producer
(ii) Secondary consumer
(iii) Decomposer
7. (a) Draw a diagram of maize cell and label the parts responsible for the following functions.
(i) Control all activities of cell
(ii) Provide shape of the cell
(iii) Chemical reaction occur here
(b)How is maize cell different from cell of a goat?
8. (a).With examples differentiate epigeal germination from hypogeal germination
(b) State the conditions necessary for seed germination and briefly describe how they facilitate germination
SECTION C (30 MARKS)
Answer two (2) questions in this section
9. (a) Give the differences between the following items as used in growth by giving examples.
(i) Diffuse growth and allometric growth
(ii) Limited growth and unlimited growth
(b) (i) Draw the diagram of sigmoid growth curve, label the four significant phases.
(ii). Briefly explain why during adolescence stage the rate of growth is rapid
10. Many people believe that fungi are harmful organism. As biologist, explain six ways in which fungi are beneficial to humans
11. Briefly explain the HIV/AIDS basing on the following guidelines
Meaning, Mode of transmission, Symptoms, Preventive measures, Effects and Treatment/cure
Answers
GPT 3.5
Section B
(b) Explanation of the following:
(i) Plasma proteins are absent in glomerular filtrate:
Plasma proteins are large molecules that are too big to pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus. The glomerular filtration membrane only allows small molecules such as water, ions, glucose, and waste products to pass through. Therefore, plasma proteins are retained in the blood and not filtered into the glomerular filtrate.
(ii) Urine of a normal person does not have glucose:
Glucose is normally reabsorbed by the renal tubules during the process of urine formation. The glucose that is filtered by the glomerulus is completely reabsorbed back into the bloodstream by the proximal convoluted tubule. Therefore, there should be no glucose present in the urine of a healthy individual.
(iii) During cold days, one produces large quantities of dilute urine:
During cold weather, the body tries to maintain its core temperature by conserving heat. One way the body does this is by reducing the amount of water lost through urine production. As a result, the kidneys produce less concentrated urine in order to avoid excessive water loss and maintain the body's fluid balance.
(c) Three adaptations of the convoluted tubule to reabsorption:
1. Microvilli: The convoluted tubules have microvilli on their surface, which increases the surface area available for reabsorption. This allows for more efficient reabsorption of water, ions, and other substances from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream.
2. Active transport mechanisms: The convoluted tubules have active transport mechanisms, such as sodium-potassium pumps, that actively transport ions and other substances from the tubular fluid into the bloodstream against their concentration gradient. This allows for the reabsorption of important substances and the removal of waste products.
3. Permeability changes: The permeability of the convoluted tubules can be regulated to reabsorb certain substances. For example, the permeability of the tubules to water can be regulated by the hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which increases water reabsorption when the body needs to conserve water.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. (a) Three adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis:
1. Large surface area: Leaves have a large surface area, which allows for maximum exposure to sunlight. This increases the amount of light energy that can be absorbed for photosynthesis.
2. Thin and flat shape: The thin and flat shape of leaves reduces the diffusion distance for carbon dioxide and oxygen, optimizing the exchange of gases necessary for photosynthesis.
3. Chloroplasts: The cells in the mesophyll layer of leaves contain numerous chloroplasts, which are the site of photosynthesis. This ensures that the maximum amount of chlorophyll is available to capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.
(b) Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis:
(i) Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. An increase in chlorophyll concentration can enhance the rate of photosynthesis as it increases the amount of light energy that can be absorbed.
(ii) Sunlight: Sunlight is the source of energy for photosynthesis. An increase in sunlight intensity can increase the rate of photosynthesis as more light energy is available to drive the process.
(iii) Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is one of the reactants in photosynthesis. An increase in carbon dioxide concentration can increase the rate of photosynthesis as it provides more substrate for the production of glucose.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. (a) (i) The name of the response is withdrawal reflex.
(ii) The pathway that describes the response in 5(a)(i) above is called the reflex arc.
(b) The pathway of an impulse from the sense organs to effectors of the cook's hand:
The impulse is transmitted from the sensory receptors in the skin of the hand to the sensory neuron. The sensory neuron then carries the impulse to the spinal cord. From the spinal cord, the impulse is transmitted to the motor neuron. The motor neuron carries the impulse to the muscles of the hand, causing them to contract and pull the hand away from the hot charcoal burner.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. (a) Two food chains from organisms observed in the National Park:
1. Grass → Zebra → Lion
2. Grass → Antelope → Hyena
(b) Simple food web:
Zebra
/ \
/ \
Grass ----> Lion
(c) Identification of organisms:
(i) Producer: Grass
(ii) Secondary consumer: Lion
(iii) Decomposer: Mushroom
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. (a) Diagram of a maize cell and its functions:
(i) Nucleus - controls all activities of the cell
(ii) Cell wall - provides shape to the cell
(iii) Cytoplasm - chemical reactions occur here
(b) Difference between a maize cell and a cell of a goat:
A maize cell is a plant cell, while a cell of a goat is an animal cell. The main difference is that a maize cell has a cell wall made of cellulose, while a cell of a goat does not have a cell wall. Additionally, plant cells typically contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, while animal cells do not.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. (a) Differentiation between epigeal germination and hypogeal germination:
- In epigeal germination, the cotyledons of the seed are pushed above the ground, while in hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain below the ground.
- In epigeal germination, the cotyledons become green and photosynthesize, while in hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain non-green and do not photosynthesize.
- Examples of epigeal germination are bean and pea plants, while examples of hypogeal germination are corn and wheat plants.
(b) Conditions necessary for seed germination and their facilitation:
- Moisture: Water is required to activate enzymes that break down stored nutrients in the seed and initiate growth processes.
- Oxygen: Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration, which provides energy for germination.
- Temperature: Optimal temperature range allows for optimal enzyme activity and metabolic processes.
- Light: Some seeds require light for germination, while others require darkness. Light may also be necessary for the growth and development of seedlings after germination.
These conditions facilitate germination by providing the necessary ingredients and environments for metabolic reactions and growth processes to occur.
(b) Explanation of the following:
(i) Plasma proteins are absent in glomerular filtrate:
Plasma proteins are large molecules that are too big to pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus. The glomerular filtration membrane only allows small molecules such as water, ions, glucose, and waste products to pass through. Therefore, plasma proteins are retained in the blood and not filtered into the glomerular filtrate.
(ii) Urine of a normal person does not have glucose:
Glucose is normally reabsorbed by the renal tubules during the process of urine formation. The glucose that is filtered by the glomerulus is completely reabsorbed back into the bloodstream by the proximal convoluted tubule. Therefore, there should be no glucose present in the urine of a healthy individual.
(iii) During cold days, one produces large quantities of dilute urine:
During cold weather, the body tries to maintain its core temperature by conserving heat. One way the body does this is by reducing the amount of water lost through urine production. As a result, the kidneys produce less concentrated urine in order to avoid excessive water loss and maintain the body's fluid balance.
(c) Three adaptations of the convoluted tubule to reabsorption:
1. Microvilli: The convoluted tubules have microvilli on their surface, which increases the surface area available for reabsorption. This allows for more efficient reabsorption of water, ions, and other substances from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream.
2. Active transport mechanisms: The convoluted tubules have active transport mechanisms, such as sodium-potassium pumps, that actively transport ions and other substances from the tubular fluid into the bloodstream against their concentration gradient. This allows for the reabsorption of important substances and the removal of waste products.
3. Permeability changes: The permeability of the convoluted tubules can be regulated to reabsorb certain substances. For example, the permeability of the tubules to water can be regulated by the hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which increases water reabsorption when the body needs to conserve water.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. (a) Three adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis:
1. Large surface area: Leaves have a large surface area, which allows for maximum exposure to sunlight. This increases the amount of light energy that can be absorbed for photosynthesis.
2. Thin and flat shape: The thin and flat shape of leaves reduces the diffusion distance for carbon dioxide and oxygen, optimizing the exchange of gases necessary for photosynthesis.
3. Chloroplasts: The cells in the mesophyll layer of leaves contain numerous chloroplasts, which are the site of photosynthesis. This ensures that the maximum amount of chlorophyll is available to capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.
(b) Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis:
(i) Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. An increase in chlorophyll concentration can enhance the rate of photosynthesis as it increases the amount of light energy that can be absorbed.
(ii) Sunlight: Sunlight is the source of energy for photosynthesis. An increase in sunlight intensity can increase the rate of photosynthesis as more light energy is available to drive the process.
(iii) Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is one of the reactants in photosynthesis. An increase in carbon dioxide concentration can increase the rate of photosynthesis as it provides more substrate for the production of glucose.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. (a) (i) The name of the response is withdrawal reflex.
(ii) The pathway that describes the response in 5(a)(i) above is called the reflex arc.
(b) The pathway of an impulse from the sense organs to effectors of the cook's hand:
The impulse is transmitted from the sensory receptors in the skin of the hand to the sensory neuron. The sensory neuron then carries the impulse to the spinal cord. From the spinal cord, the impulse is transmitted to the motor neuron. The motor neuron carries the impulse to the muscles of the hand, causing them to contract and pull the hand away from the hot charcoal burner.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. (a) Two food chains from organisms observed in the National Park:
1. Grass → Zebra → Lion
2. Grass → Antelope → Hyena
(b) Simple food web:
Zebra
/ \
/ \
Grass ----> Lion
(c) Identification of organisms:
(i) Producer: Grass
(ii) Secondary consumer: Lion
(iii) Decomposer: Mushroom
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. (a) Diagram of a maize cell and its functions:
(i) Nucleus - controls all activities of the cell
(ii) Cell wall - provides shape to the cell
(iii) Cytoplasm - chemical reactions occur here
(b) Difference between a maize cell and a cell of a goat:
A maize cell is a plant cell, while a cell of a goat is an animal cell. The main difference is that a maize cell has a cell wall made of cellulose, while a cell of a goat does not have a cell wall. Additionally, plant cells typically contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, while animal cells do not.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. (a) Differentiation between epigeal germination and hypogeal germination:
- In epigeal germination, the cotyledons of the seed are pushed above the ground, while in hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain below the ground.
- In epigeal germination, the cotyledons become green and photosynthesize, while in hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain non-green and do not photosynthesize.
- Examples of epigeal germination are bean and pea plants, while examples of hypogeal germination are corn and wheat plants.
(b) Conditions necessary for seed germination and their facilitation:
- Moisture: Water is required to activate enzymes that break down stored nutrients in the seed and initiate growth processes.
- Oxygen: Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration, which provides energy for germination.
- Temperature: Optimal temperature range allows for optimal enzyme activity and metabolic processes.
- Light: Some seeds require light for germination, while others require darkness. Light may also be necessary for the growth and development of seedlings after germination.
These conditions facilitate germination by providing the necessary ingredients and environments for metabolic reactions and growth processes to occur.