Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) refers to the level of language proficiency required for academic tasks and learning in a second language. It includes complex language skills such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking at an advanced level that is necessary to engage with academic content, understand abstract concepts, and demonstrate higher-order thinking skills.
CALP goes beyond basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS), which refers to the language skills necessary for everyday social interactions. While BICS are acquired through informal language exposure and fluency develops relatively quickly, CALP takes much longer to develop as it requires formal instruction, practice, and exposure to complex academic language and vocabulary. CALP is essential for students to succeed academically and fully participate in educational settings where the language of instruction is not their first language.
Developing CALP involves acquiring a deeper understanding of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary, as well as the ability to comprehend and produce complex texts in a second language. It also requires understanding and using language in various academic contexts, such as discussions, presentations, and written assignments. Students with high CALP are able to demonstrate critical thinking skills, analyze and synthesize information, and express themselves effectively in academic settings.
Educators need to explicitly teach and provide ample opportunities for students to practice and develop their CALP. Strategies such as explicit instruction, vocabulary building, reading comprehension exercises, and collaborative activities can help students acquire and strengthen their cognitive academic language proficiency.
Explain what cognitive academic language proficiency
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