Volcanic arcs, either normal or island, are volanic zones created by what?

a
Colliding plates cause explosions, which produce the volcanoes by the shockwave on the surface
b
Two plates made of different chemical make up combine and cause a chemical reaction, increasing heat to produce a pocket of lava under the ground
c
Two plates rub against one another, producing enough friction to heat a pocket of lava on the surface
d
Subduction of a tectonic plate creates large chambers and plumes of lava that are pushed upward to produce volcanoe