Germination is the process through which a seed begins to grow into a new plant. It involves the activation of the embryonic root, known as the radicle, and the emergence of the shoot or plumule.
The germination process typically follows several stages, including:
1. Imbibition: Water absorption by the seed, which allows it to swell and reactivate the metabolic processes within.
2. Activation of enzymes: The absorbed water triggers the production of enzymes within the seed, which break down stored food reserves and facilitate their conversion into simpler substances suitable for growth.
3. Respiration: The seed begins to undergo respiration, releasing energy required for growth.
4. Growth of the radicle: The radicle elongates and penetrates the seed coat, anchoring the seedling into the soil and absorbing water and nutrients.
5. Emergence of the shoot: The plumule or shoot emerges from the seed and grows towards the surface, eventually developing into leaves and stems.
The germination process is influenced by various factors, such as water availability, temperature, oxygen, and light. Each plant species has specific germination requirements, with some seeds requiring specific conditions such as exposure to fire, scarification (mechanical or chemical damage to the seed coat), or a period of cold temperatures (stratification) to break dormancy and initiate germination.
Germination is a critical stage in a plant's life cycle as it marks the beginning of growth and determines the plant's ability to establish itself and survive in its environment.
Germination of seeds
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