1. Imbibition phase: During this phase, the seed takes in water and swells up. The absorption of water triggers metabolic processes within the seed and activates enzymes.
2. Activation phase: In this phase, the dormant embryo inside the seed becomes active. Enzymes break down stored nutrients, such as starch and proteins, into simpler molecules that can be used by the growing plant. This provides energy for the embryo's growth.
3. Respiration phase: During this phase, the stored energy is used by the embryo for respiration. Oxygen is taken in, and carbon dioxide is released as a byproduct. This phase is vital for the embryo to obtain energy for further growth.
4. Growth phase: In this phase, the embryo elongates and develops roots and shoots. The root system starts to grow downwards into the soil, while the shoot system grows upwards towards the light. The shoot also develops leaves, enabling the plant to photosynthesize and produce its own food.
5. Emergence phase: During this phase, the shoot system emerges from the soil surface. The seedling may also shed its seed coat or any protective structures that were surrounding it. The seedling is now able to receive sunlight, which is necessary for photosynthesis to occur.
6. Establishment phase: In this phase, the seedling continues to grow and develop. It establishes a stable root system that allows it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The seedling also develops its first true leaves, which are fully functional for photosynthesis.
Each of these phases plays a crucial role in the germination process, ensuring the successful growth and development of the seedling into a mature plant.
assignment list down and explain phases of germination
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