5. False. A highly eccentric orbit, such as a comet, will have an eccentricity greater than 0.
To determine the eccentricity of an orbit, you need to know the closest and farthest distance from the orbiting object to the focus point (the point around which the object orbits). The eccentricity is calculated by dividing the difference between these two distances by their sum. If the eccentricity is greater than 0, the orbit is eccentric.
6. The planets move in perfect circles. False. Copernicus's model of the solar system proposed that the planets move in perfect circles, which we now know is not true.
Copernicus believed that the planets orbited the Sun in perfect circular orbits. However, this model was later revised by Kepler, who discovered that the planets actually move in elliptical orbits.
7. It shows Earth at the center of the solar system. True. The geocentric model of the solar system depicts Earth at the center of the solar system. This model was widely accepted for many centuries before it was proven incorrect by Copernicus and later astronomers.
8. Gravitational force increases as the mass of objects increases. True. Newton's theory of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses. In simple terms, the more massive the objects, the stronger the gravitational force between them.
9. The asteroid continues out of the solar system, never to return. True. An eccentricity greater than 1 indicates that the orbit is hyperbolic. In this case, the asteroid's trajectory is such that it does not loop back around the solar system and instead continues on a path outwards, away from the Sun, never to return.
10. The amount of the gravitational force doubles. False. According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. If the mass of one object doubles while the distance remains the same, the gravitational force between them will also double.
11. The greater the distance, the slower the orbital velocity. True. According to Kepler's third law of planetary motion, the greater the distance between a planet and the Sun, the slower the planet's orbital velocity. This law applies to all planets in the solar system.
12. It correctly explained the motion of the planets. False. The geocentric model was accepted for more than a thousand years not because it correctly explained the motion of the planets, but rather due to cultural, social, and religious beliefs at the time. It was not until Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model that a more accurate understanding of the solar system began to emerge.
13. It applies to all objects. True. Gravitational force is said to be universal because it applies to all objects in the universe. It is a fundamental force that acts between any two objects with mass, regardless of their location or size.
14. Forwards, decreases. As a planet draws away from the sun in its orbit, the gravity pull from the sun pulls backwards on the planet, causing its speed to decrease. The gravitational force acts in the opposite direction of the planet's motion.
15. This prevents massive temperature fluctuations that could occur with a more extremely elliptical orbit. When an orbit is nearly circular, the distance between the planet and the sun remains relatively constant throughout the orbit. This helps to stabilize the amount of heat and light received from the sun, preventing extreme temperature fluctuations that could occur with a more elliptical orbit.
16. increases. As the mass of an object increases, its gravitational force increases. This is because the gravitational force is directly proportional to the mass of the objects involved.
17. They provided evidence to support the laws. Tycho Brahe's detailed and accurate observations of planetary motion provided crucial data for Kepler to formulate his laws of planetary motion. Kepler used Brahe's data to develop his three laws, which accurately described the motion of the planets.
18. True. The acceleration of a satellite can be derived by equating the universal gravitational force with the centripetal force. This is known as the gravitational force equation and is used to calculate the acceleration of a satellite in orbit.
19. e=0.001. The eccentricity of an orbit ranges from 0 (for a perfectly circular orbit) to 1 (for a parabolic orbit). The orbit with the least eccentricity is the one with e=0.001.
20. It becomes twice as strong. The gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses. If one object's mass is doubled while the distance remains the same, the gravitational force between them will also double.
21. Mass and distance. The gravitational force between objects is influenced by both the mass of the objects and the distance between them. The greater the mass of the objects, the stronger the gravitational force. However, as the distance between the objects increases, the gravitational force decreases.
22. Mercury. Among the eight planets in the solar system, Mercury has the most elliptical orbit. Its eccentricity is approximately 0.21, which means its orbit deviates the most from a perfect circle compared to other planets.
23. at a focus. In Earth's elliptical orbit, the Sun is located at one of the two foci. The other focus is empty, without any celestial object.
24. speed, force. According to Newton's Laws of Motion, objects will continue in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted on by an outside force. In other words, an object's motion (either staying at rest or moving at a constant speed) remains unchanged unless an external force is applied to it.
25. This is the geocentric model of the solar system and it was created by Aristotle. The diagram represents the geocentric model of the solar system, which was initially proposed by Aristotle. In this model, Earth is depicted as the center of the universe, with the other celestial objects, including the Sun, planets, and stars, revolving around it. This model was later challenged and disproven by Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric model.
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