Describe the split in the Muslim community caused by Muhammad’s death Short

Answer 1

The split in the Muslim community after Muhammad's death is known as the Islamic schism or the Sunni-Shia divide. The disagreement stemmed from differing beliefs on who the rightful successor of Muhammad should be.

After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, a group known as the Sunni Muslims believed that the successor should be chosen through a process of election, consensus, or appointment. They supported Abu Bakr, one of Muhammad's closest companions, as the first caliph (successor) of Islam.

On the other hand, a faction known as the Shia Muslims believed that the successor to Muhammad should be a blood relative of the Prophet, specifically his cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib. They argued that Muhammad had designated Ali as his rightful heir during his lifetime. Therefore, they supported Ali as the first caliph.

The tensions between the Sunnis and Shias grew over time, fueled by political, theological, and social factors. The Sunni caliphs held power and established their authority, while the Shia community felt marginalized and persecuted. This led to further division and eventually to the formation of separate Sunni and Shia sects within Islam.

The Sunni sect became the majority and adopted a more traditional and conservative approach to Islamic practice. They recognized the legitimacy of the first four caliphs following Muhammad, while also accepting the authority of the consensus of the Muslim community.

Meanwhile, the Shia sect, although in the minority, developed a distinct identity. They consider Ali and his descendants, known as Imams, as the true successors and leaders of the Muslim community. The Shia sect evolved with different branches, the largest being the Twelvers, who believe in twelve divinely-guided Imams, with the twelfth Imam being in occultation till his reappearance.

The Sunni-Shia split has persisted through history, resulting in various conflicts, tensions, and political divisions within the Muslim world. Despite efforts towards greater unity, the schism continues to shape the socio-political landscape of many regions with Muslim populations.