The red color of leaves in the fall is due to pigments called anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are responsible for the red, purple, and blue hues seen in various plants and fruits.
During the spring and summer, chlorophyll pigments dominate and give leaves their green color. Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. However, as days become shorter and temperatures drop in the fall, the production of chlorophyll decreases.
As the chlorophyll breaks down, other pigments, including anthocyanins, become more visible. Anthocyanins are produced in leaves to protect them from high light intensity and to act as a natural sunscreen. They also help to prolong the life of leaves, allowing plants to maximize the nutrients that can be withdrawn before the leaves ultimately fall.
The red coloration of leaves in the fall is influenced by other factors such as sunlight, temperature, and the accumulation of sugars in the leaves. These factors can vary from year to year, resulting in variations in the intensity and timing of the red color display during fall.
why are leaves red in the fall?
23 answers
is "The Calvin cycle is the light-independent (does not need light) step of photosynthesis and happens in the stroma" true or false?
True. The Calvin cycle is the light-independent step of photosynthesis and occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts. It is named after Melvin Calvin, who elucidated this process. In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide (CO2) is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions. The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoid membranes where the Calvin cycle takes place.
what is the equation for cellular respritation?
The equation for cellular respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
This equation represents the aerobic respiration of glucose, which is the most common form of cellular respiration. In this process, glucose (C6H12O6) reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) as byproducts, along with the release of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
This equation represents the aerobic respiration of glucose, which is the most common form of cellular respiration. In this process, glucose (C6H12O6) reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) as byproducts, along with the release of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
what is the equation for latic acid fermentation?
The equation for lactic acid fermentation is:
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3
In lactic acid fermentation, glucose (C6H12O6) is converted into lactic acid (C3H6O3) without the involvement of oxygen. This process occurs in certain microorganisms, including bacteria and muscle cells, when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen for aerobic respiration. Lactic acid fermentation is important in producing energy in the absence of oxygen, and it is commonly observed during intense exercise when the muscles cannot get enough oxygen to meet the energy demands.
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3
In lactic acid fermentation, glucose (C6H12O6) is converted into lactic acid (C3H6O3) without the involvement of oxygen. This process occurs in certain microorganisms, including bacteria and muscle cells, when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen for aerobic respiration. Lactic acid fermentation is important in producing energy in the absence of oxygen, and it is commonly observed during intense exercise when the muscles cannot get enough oxygen to meet the energy demands.
in the kerbs cycle, how is citric acid formed?
In the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, citric acid is formed through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Here is a simplified overview:
1. Acetyl-CoA, derived from the breakdown of glucose or fatty acids, joins with oxaloacetate (a four-carbon molecule) to form citrate (also known as citric acid), a six-carbon molecule.
Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate → Citrate
2. Citrate is then isomerized to isocitrate, which undergoes oxidative decarboxylation.
Citrate → Isocitrate
3. Isocitrate is further converted into alpha-ketoglutarate. This step releases a molecule of carbon dioxide and reduces NAD+ to NADH.
Isocitrate → Alpha-ketoglutarate + CO2
4. Alpha-ketoglutarate is decarboxylated, producing another molecule of carbon dioxide and reducing NAD+ to NADH. This step also generates a molecule of Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) which can be subsequently converted to ATP.
Alpha-ketoglutarate + CoA + NAD+ → Succinyl-CoA + NADH + CO2
5. Succinyl-CoA is converted into Succinate, producing another molecule of GTP.
Succinyl-CoA + GDP + Pi → Succinate + GDP + CoA + GTP
6. Succinate is converted into Fumarate by losing two electrons, which are accepted by FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) to form FADH2.
Succinate + FAD → Fumarate + FADH2
7. Fumarate is then converted into Malate.
Fumarate + H2O → Malate
8. Malate is oxidized, producing oxaloacetate. NAD+ is reduced to NADH in this step.
Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate + NADH
Oxaloacetate formed at the end of the Krebs cycle can then start the cycle again by combining with Acetyl-CoA, and the process continues.
1. Acetyl-CoA, derived from the breakdown of glucose or fatty acids, joins with oxaloacetate (a four-carbon molecule) to form citrate (also known as citric acid), a six-carbon molecule.
Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate → Citrate
2. Citrate is then isomerized to isocitrate, which undergoes oxidative decarboxylation.
Citrate → Isocitrate
3. Isocitrate is further converted into alpha-ketoglutarate. This step releases a molecule of carbon dioxide and reduces NAD+ to NADH.
Isocitrate → Alpha-ketoglutarate + CO2
4. Alpha-ketoglutarate is decarboxylated, producing another molecule of carbon dioxide and reducing NAD+ to NADH. This step also generates a molecule of Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) which can be subsequently converted to ATP.
Alpha-ketoglutarate + CoA + NAD+ → Succinyl-CoA + NADH + CO2
5. Succinyl-CoA is converted into Succinate, producing another molecule of GTP.
Succinyl-CoA + GDP + Pi → Succinate + GDP + CoA + GTP
6. Succinate is converted into Fumarate by losing two electrons, which are accepted by FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) to form FADH2.
Succinate + FAD → Fumarate + FADH2
7. Fumarate is then converted into Malate.
Fumarate + H2O → Malate
8. Malate is oxidized, producing oxaloacetate. NAD+ is reduced to NADH in this step.
Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate + NADH
Oxaloacetate formed at the end of the Krebs cycle can then start the cycle again by combining with Acetyl-CoA, and the process continues.
the following are steps of cellular respritation except
electrolysis
the kerbs cycle
electron transport chain
glycolysis
electrolysis
the kerbs cycle
electron transport chain
glycolysis
The step of cellular respiration that is not part of the process listed is "electrolysis." Electrolysis is not a part of cellular respiration; instead, it is a chemical process that uses an electric current to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction. The other three options listed—Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), electron transport chain, and glycolysis—are indeed steps involved in cellular respiration.
which molecule provides the activation energy that starts gltcolysis? (not which molecule is broken down during glycolysis)
carbon dioxide
sugar
water
atp
carbon dioxide
sugar
water
atp
The molecule that provides the activation energy to start glycolysis is ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP donates a phosphate group to glucose during the first step of glycolysis, which helps in destabilizing and activating glucose for further metabolic reactions. This initial phosphorylation of glucose by ATP provides the energy required to begin the glycolytic pathway. So, the correct answer is ATP.
during which phase of cellular respriation is carbon dioxide released?
digestion
glycolysis
electron transport chain
kerbs cycle
digestion
glycolysis
electron transport chain
kerbs cycle
Carbon dioxide is released during the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle. In this phase of cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct when acetyl-CoA is oxidized and decarboxylated. Acetyl-CoA is generated from the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis and further processed in the Krebs cycle to release energy and produce carbon dioxide. Therefore, the correct answer is the Krebs cycle.
which compound is a reactant in cellular respriation
oxygen
water
atp
carbon dioxide
oxygen
water
atp
carbon dioxide
The compound that acts as a reactant in cellular respiration is oxygen (O2). Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, accepting electrons as they flow through the chain from the breakdown of glucose or other fuel molecules. This reaction with oxygen ultimately results in the production of water (H2O).
Water (H2O) is a product rather than a reactant in cellular respiration. ATP is a molecule used for energy storage and is not typically considered a direct reactant in cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is also produced as a byproduct of certain metabolic reactions in cellular respiration but is not considered a reactant.
Water (H2O) is a product rather than a reactant in cellular respiration. ATP is a molecule used for energy storage and is not typically considered a direct reactant in cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is also produced as a byproduct of certain metabolic reactions in cellular respiration but is not considered a reactant.
how many O2 molecules are required for two glucose molecules to undergo cellular respriation
In cellular respiration, the stoichiometry indicates that six molecules of oxygen (O2) are required for the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule (C6H12O6).
Since there are two glucose molecules mentioned in the question, the amount of oxygen required doubles. Therefore, for two glucose molecules to undergo cellular respiration, the requirement would be 6 molecules of oxygen per glucose molecule, which totals to 12 molecules of oxygen.
Since there are two glucose molecules mentioned in the question, the amount of oxygen required doubles. Therefore, for two glucose molecules to undergo cellular respiration, the requirement would be 6 molecules of oxygen per glucose molecule, which totals to 12 molecules of oxygen.
Ectotherms cannot insulate (stop heat loss from) their bodies and can only control their body temperature involuntarily.
true or false?
true or false?
True. Ectotherms, such as reptiles and amphibians, have limited ability to control their body temperature, and they cannot actively regulate heat production or insulation like endotherms (e.g., mammals and birds) do. Ectotherms rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature, and their internal body temperature fluctuates with the ambient temperature.
which activity uses atp to raise body temperature
panting
hibernating
shivering
storing fats
panting
hibernating
shivering
storing fats
The activity that uses ATP to raise body temperature is shivering. Shivering is a mechanism employed by warm-blooded animals, such as mammals, to generate heat during periods of low temperatures. It involves rapid muscle contractions that require ATP for energy. When muscles contract, the metabolic activity increases, leading to the production of heat as a byproduct. Therefore, shivering helps to increase the body temperature by utilizing ATP for muscle contractions and heat generation. Panting, hibernating, and storing fats are not directly involved in the process of using ATP to raise body temperature.
11 answers