- Official policy of apartheid giving white people all political power from 1948-1994
- Majority of South Africans were black, but non-whites were excluded from influencing government
- White South Africans elected representatives to sit in a lawmaking body
- Apartheid laws enforced racial segregation in all aspects of life, including education, healthcare, and housing
- Non-whites faced systemic discrimination and oppression, including forced removals from their homes and restricted access to resources and opportunities
- Anti-apartheid movements and protests grew throughout this period, led by activists such as Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, and Steve Biko
- International pressure and sanctions against South Africa increased as the apartheid regime gained global attention and condemnation.