How does a federal system differ from a unitary system ?

Answer 1

A federal system and a unitary system are two different forms of government organization and power distribution.

1. Definition:
- Federal System: In a federal system, power is divided between a central government and multiple regional or state governments. Each level of government has sovereignty over its own matters and exercises independent powers. Some examples of federal systems include the United States, Germany, Australia, India, etc.
- Unitary System: In a unitary system, power is concentrated in a single central government, and regional or local governments are subordinate and derive their power and authority from the central government. The central government has the ultimate power to make decisions and laws. Examples of unitary systems include the United Kingdom, China, France, Japan, etc.

2. Power distribution:
- Federal System: The power is divided between the central government and regional or state governments. Both levels of government have their own spheres of authority and powers assigned to them. Certain subjects, like defense, foreign policy, and national currency, are typically under the domain of the central government. On the other hand, regional governments have powers in areas such as education, health, transportation, etc.
- Unitary System: The power is concentrated in the central government, which holds all decision-making authority. The central government may delegate certain powers or responsibilities to regional or local governments, but they are ultimately subordinate and can be overruled or abolished by the central government.

3. Flexibility and autonomy:
- Federal System: Regional or state governments enjoy a significant degree of autonomy and are better able to respond to local needs and preferences. They have the power to make laws and policies that are specific to their region within the overall framework set by the central government.
- Unitary System: Regional or local governments have limited autonomy and operate within the framework set by the central government. They may have some decision-making power, but it is subject to the approval or oversight of the central government.

4. Constitutional provisions:
- Federal System: The division of powers between the central government and regional governments is usually written in a constitution or a basic law. The constitution defines the powers and responsibilities of each level of government, and any changes to this distribution require a constitutional amendment or a special process.
- Unitary System: The central government has the sole authority to define the powers and responsibilities of regional or local governments. These powers and allocations can be changed or modified by the central government without requiring any special process.

Overall, the key difference lies in the distribution of power and authority between the central and regional governments. Federal systems grant a significant degree of autonomy to regional governments, while unitary systems centralize power in the hands of the central government.