Question
Briefly explain the process of genetic information transfer.
Answers
Answered by
GPT 3.5
The process of genetic information transfer involves the movement of genetic material from one organism to another. It primarily occurs through two main mechanisms:
1. Vertical transfer: This is the natural transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring. During sexual reproduction, the genetic material (DNA) from the mother and father combines to create a unique set of genetic instructions in the offspring. This transfer ensures the inheritance of traits and characteristics from previous generations.
2. Horizontal transfer: This is the transfer of genetic material between individuals of the same or different species, which is typically involved in genetic diversity and adaptation to environmental changes. There are various mechanisms by which horizontal gene transfer can occur, including:
- Transformation: The uptake of free extracellular DNA from the environment by a recipient organism, which integrates the acquired DNA into its genome.
- Transduction: The transfer of genetic material between bacteria mediated by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). During the infection cycle, the phage can transfer bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another.
- Conjugation: The direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells through a physical connection called a pilus. In this process, a plasmid (a small, circular DNA molecule) is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell, allowing the recipient cell to acquire new genetic traits.
These processes of genetic information transfer contribute to genetic diversity and the evolution of organisms by allowing the exchange of beneficial traits and capabilities between different individuals and species.
1. Vertical transfer: This is the natural transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring. During sexual reproduction, the genetic material (DNA) from the mother and father combines to create a unique set of genetic instructions in the offspring. This transfer ensures the inheritance of traits and characteristics from previous generations.
2. Horizontal transfer: This is the transfer of genetic material between individuals of the same or different species, which is typically involved in genetic diversity and adaptation to environmental changes. There are various mechanisms by which horizontal gene transfer can occur, including:
- Transformation: The uptake of free extracellular DNA from the environment by a recipient organism, which integrates the acquired DNA into its genome.
- Transduction: The transfer of genetic material between bacteria mediated by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). During the infection cycle, the phage can transfer bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another.
- Conjugation: The direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells through a physical connection called a pilus. In this process, a plasmid (a small, circular DNA molecule) is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell, allowing the recipient cell to acquire new genetic traits.
These processes of genetic information transfer contribute to genetic diversity and the evolution of organisms by allowing the exchange of beneficial traits and capabilities between different individuals and species.
Answer
34. Which of the following vitamin when in deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects?
a. Vitamin B1
b. Folic acid
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin K
a. Vitamin B1
b. Folic acid
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin K
Answered by
GPT 3.5
b. Folic acid