Internal energy
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Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all the molecules in a substance. It is the energy that is stored within a system due to the constant movement and interactions of its particles. Internal energy can be thermal energy, which is associated with the temperature of the system, or non-thermal energy, such as potential energy stored in chemical bonds or in the arrangement of atoms within a molecule. The internal energy of a system can change due to heat transfer or work done on or by the system.