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Name the structure that is unique to all vertebrates.
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Fossils and genes are used to determine ____
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What are at least two things that the skulls in the fossil record likely tell us about hominin evolution?
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A common ancestor is an organism that is the ____ ancestor of two or more different organisms.
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Humans, mice, and giraffes have seven vertebrae in their necks. What can scientist conclude from this observation?
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A __ is a scientist who study fossils
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The backbone or vertebral column is the structure that is unique to all vertebrates.
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evolutionary relationships or the evolutionary history of organisms.
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The skulls in the fossil record likely tell us the following two things about hominin evolution:

1. Changes in brain size: The skulls in the fossil record give us an idea of the brain size of our extinct hominin ancestors. The size and shape of the braincase (the part of the skull that houses the brain) can tell us about the relative size and complexity of the brain. For example, the gradual increase in brain size over time suggests that hominins were undergoing an important evolutionary transition towards greater intelligence.

2. Changes in facial features: The skulls in the fossil record also tell us about the changes in facial features of hominins over time. Through careful analysis of features such as the jaw, teeth, and brow ridges, paleoanthropologists can reconstruct how hominin faces changed in relation to other parts of the body. For example, the gradual loss of massive molars and robust jaws over time suggests a dietary shift towards softer, cooked foods, and possibly the use of tools to help process those foods.
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A common ancestor is an organism that is the shared ancestor of two or more different organisms.
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From this observation, scientists can conclude that humans, mice, and giraffes are all descended from a common ancestor that had seven vertebrae in its neck. The presence of this shared feature (the same number of neck vertebrae) suggests that these organisms are related and that they evolved from a common ancestral species that possessed this characteristic. This is an example of a homologous trait, where structures or features are shared between different organisms due to their common ancestry.
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A paleontologist is a scientist who studies fossils.