1. Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions are different types of environments that can affect cells. In a hypotonic environment, the cell has less solute compared to the surrounding solution, so water rushes into the cell causing it to swell. This happens because water moves from an area of lower solute concentration (outside the cell) to an area of higher solute concentration (inside the cell), leading to an increase in cell volume.
2. The process shown in the image is endocytosis. Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from the outside environment by engulfing them with their cell membrane and forming a vesicle.
3. A saltwater fish is adapted for a hypertonic environment. In a hypertonic environment, there is a higher concentration of solutes outside the fish's body compared to inside, resulting in water moving out of the fish through osmosis. To counteract this, saltwater fish have specialized adaptations such as efficient salt-removing glands and kidneys to excrete excess salt and conserve water.
4. The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is stored inside the nucleus. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's functions and characteristics.
5. The function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells is to decode the sequence of bases on the mRNA (messenger RNA) and use that information to create specific proteins. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, which plays a vital role in various cellular processes.
6. The unique function of central vacuoles in plant cells is to store water. Central vacuoles are large, fluid-filled organelles found in plant cells. They help maintain cellular turgor pressure, store nutrients and waste products, and play a role in plant growth and development.
7. Heart cells have a high concentration of mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles responsible for cellular respiration, which is the process that produces energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. Heart cells need a lot of energy to function and maintain the continuous contraction required for pumping blood, hence they have a high concentration of mitochondria.
8. Plants prefer hypotonic environments because the excess water that enters the cell allows the central vacuole to maintain turgor pressure. Turgor pressure is the pressure exerted on the cell wall by the contents of the central vacuole, and it helps maintain the structural integrity and rigidity of the plant cell. In a hypotonic environment, water enters the cell, increasing the volume of the central vacuole and creating turgor pressure, which is important for plant support and overall plant health.
9. The nervous system is responsible for receiving and processing stimuli from the body. It coordinates and controls the body's responses to various stimuli, both internal and external. This includes sensory perception, motor control, and the integration and interpretation of information from the environment.
10. The esophagus functions as a tube that connects the mouth with the stomach. Its main purpose is to transport food from the mouth to the stomach through a coordinated muscle movement called peristalsis.
11. The nervous system controls the digestive system by sending signals to the stomach, telling it to contract and digest food. Additionally, the nervous system enables coordination and communication between different parts of the body, allowing for fine motor control, reflex actions, and the integration of sensory information. It also plays a role in regulating many bodily functions such as heart rate, breathing, and hormone secretion.
12. Pigs are often used to model human body systems. Due to their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans, pigs are commonly used in biomedical research and as an animal model for studying various body systems, diseases, and treatments.
13. A computer-generated model would best illustrate the formation of blood cells. Computer models allow for detailed visualization and simulation of complex biological processes. In the case of blood cell formation, a computer-generated model could show the step-by-step process of hematopoiesis, where stem cells differentiate into different types of blood cells within the bone marrow.
14. The human respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the external environment. It includes organs such as the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. When we breathe in, air enters through the nose or mouth and travels down the trachea, which splits into two bronchi. The bronchi further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which lead to the alveoli, where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is taken up by red blood cells and transported throughout the body, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is expelled during exhalation. The respiratory system also plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pH.
15. The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to ensure the delivery of oxygen to tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide. During inhalation, the respiratory system takes in oxygen and transfers it to the bloodstream in the lungs. Oxygenated blood is then pumped by the heart to various parts of the body through the circulatory system. At the tissue level, oxygen diffuses from the bloodstream into the cells, while carbon dioxide, produced as a waste product, diffuses from the cells into the bloodstream. The carbon dioxide-rich blood is then transported back to the lungs through the circulatory system, where it is exhaled during exhalation. This coordinated interaction between the circulatory and respiratory systems allows for the continuous exchange of gases necessary for cellular respiration and the maintenance of homeostasis in the body.