1. Working outside is very hard for the people in Antarctica.

2. Working outside is very hard for the people of Antarctica.
[Can we use both prepositions, 'in' and 'of'?]

3. They study sea animals in Antarctica.
4. They study sea animals of Antarctica.
[Can we use both prepositions, 'in' and 'of'?]

3 answers

Yes, you can use both prepositions, but they don't mean exactly the same thing. Do you understand the differences?
What differences do they have?
The differences are very slight. I'll vary the sentences a bit so you can tell the difference easily. (These differences don't matter when referring to Antarctica since there have never been indigenous human populations there.)

1. Working outside is very hard for the people in Alaska.
2. Working outside is very hard for the people of Alaska.

#1 refers to people who are in Alaska, working hard, no matter where those people came from.
#2 refers to people who are indigenous to Alaska.

3. They study sea animals in Australia.
4. They study sea animals of Australia.

#3 refers to people who study sea animals, no matter where those animals came from.
#4 refers to people who study only species that are native to Australia.

In referring to Antarctica, the differences between these two prepositions in these particular sentences is practically non-existent. But if you put other geographical areas in place of "Antarctica," the differences are clearer.
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