Question

I hear the mournful wail of millions, whose chains, heavy and grievous yesterday, are to-day rendered more intolerable by the jubilant shouts that reach them.

Which definition of rendered is most likely suited for this line?

Caused to be a certain nature
Melted down
Repeated or recited
Submitted for approval

I think that it would be repeated or recited, or caused to be a certain nature. I know it definitley wouldn't be melted down.

Answer 1

I agree -- repeated or recited.

Answer 2

I disagree; I think "caused to be a certain nature" is a more convincing answer. The mournful wails of yesterday are made more intolerable today, i.e. their nature was changed to a more intolerable one.