What factors/influences help shape a country's identity? How does the leadership/government of a country generate consensus for this identity?

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language, technologies, recreation, traditions, celebrations, religion, foods, clothing, and lifestyle.

You've had some good answers to your question.

In addition, for many years we associated Germany with Hitler and the Nazi Party. The Soviet Union (Russia) was associated with communism and Stalin. Now, as the person from Australia said, many people in the world associate the War in Iraq with the U.S. leadership.