Here are the correct answers based on your questions:
Question 11:
Which pairing of push and pull factors is correct to immigration and emigration?
Response: Push factors create emigration.
Question 12:
What is an urban penalty?
Response: the increased risk of disease and death in urban areas.
Question 13:
If a city fails to meet its threshold, what does this mean?
Response: It is not economically feasible for its market area to purchase goods and services from it.
Question 14:
How does access to raw materials help a region become a business center for trade and tourism?
Response: It allows for the production of important goods that can be sold to make a profit.
Feel free to ask if you need further assistance!