1. What is the difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions? Where do these reactions take place in the chloroplast? in 1 sentence each:

Question

Light-dependent reaction:
Location:

Light-independent reaction:
Location:
2. What is the difference between aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration (such as lactic acid fermentation)? in 1 sentence
3. In which step of cellular respiration is oxygen used? in 1 sentence
4. Define ATP and ADP and how do they relate to energy. in 1 sentence
5. What is the difference among a calorie, Calorie, and kilocalorie. in 1 sentence

Answer 1

1. Light-dependent reaction: These reactions convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
   Location: They take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

   Light-independent reaction: These reactions use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.
   Location: They occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.

2. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce more energy (ATP) from glucose, whereas anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, resulting in less energy and byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.

3. Oxygen is used in the electron transport chain during the final step of cellular respiration.

4. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell, providing energy for biological processes, while ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is a lower-energy molecule that can be converted back to ATP, thus facilitating energy transfer.

5. A calorie (small 'c') is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C, a Calorie (capital 'C'; also known as a kilocalorie) is equal to 1,000 calories and is used to measure food energy, and a kilocalorie is essentially the same as a Calorie, often used interchangeably in dietary contexts.