1. What is Science?

Question

2. Why can’t scientific questions be opinion based?

3. Describe the steps of the Scientific Method. Is this process linear or cyclical? Why?

4. What is pseudoscience? What are the characteristics of pseudoscience?

5. What is anecdotal evidence and how is it used?

6. What factors should you examine when evaluating the reliability of information in sources?

Answer 1

1. What is Science? Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. It relies on empirical evidence collected through observation and experimentation, employing the scientific method to develop theories and laws that explain natural phenomena.

2. Why can’t scientific questions be opinion based? Scientific questions cannot be opinion-based because science relies on objective evidence that can be tested and verified through experimentation. Opinion is inherently subjective and varies from person to person, which is not conducive to the scientific process that seeks to establish consistent and reproducible findings. Scientific inquiry seeks to reduce bias and ensure that conclusions are drawn from evidence rather than personal belief.

3. Describe the steps of the Scientific Method. Is this process linear or cyclical? Why? The scientific method typically involves the following steps:

   • Observation: Identifying a phenomenon or problem.
   • Question: Formulating a question about what has been observed.
   • Hypothesis: Developing a testable statement or prediction.
   • Experimentation: Designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis.
   • Analysis: Collecting and analyzing data from the experiments.
   • Conclusion: Drawing conclusions based on the analysis; determining whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted.
   • Communication: Sharing results with the scientific community for verification and further study.

   The scientific method is often cyclical rather than linear. This is because the outcomes of experiments can lead to new questions, hypotheses, and further experimentation. Scientific inquiry is an iterative process where the results can refine or even revolutionize understanding, prompting new investigations.

4. What is pseudoscience? What are the characteristics of pseudoscience? Pseudoscience refers to beliefs, practices, or claims that are presented as scientific but lack the fundamental principles of scientific methodology. Characteristics of pseudoscience include:

   • Lack of empirical support or failure to adhere to the scientific method.
   • Reliance on anecdotal evidence rather than controlled experimental data.
   • Resistance to revision or falsification; proponents often ignore or reject evidence that contradicts their claims.
   • Use of vague, ambiguous, or untestable assertions.
   • Failure to adhere to the standards of evidence and peer review found in legitimate scientific research.

5. What is anecdotal evidence and how is it used? Anecdotal evidence consists of personal accounts, stories, or testimonials rather than scientific data. It is often used to persuade or support specific claims, especially in the context of pseudoscience, marketing, or self-help. While anecdotes can illustrate a point or suggest potential experiences, they often lack the rigor necessary for scientific validation, as they do not account for variables, control groups, or statistical analysis. Therefore, anecdotal evidence cannot reliably establish causality or generalize results to broader populations.

6. What factors should you examine when evaluating the reliability of information in sources? When evaluating the reliability of information in sources, consider the following factors:

   • Authorship: Check the credentials and expertise of the author(s) to determine their qualifications in the subject matter.
   • Publication: Assess where the information is published (academic journal, reputable news outlet, etc.) and whether the publication is peer-reviewed.
   • Evidence and References: Look for supporting data, references to credible studies, and citations that can be verified.
   • Bias and Objectivity: Analyze the potential biases of the author or source; identify whether the information presents a balanced view or has an agenda.
   • Consistency with Other Sources: Cross-reference information with other reliable sources to see if there is consensus or significant conflict.
   • Date of Publication: Ensure the information is current and relevant, especially in rapidly evolving fields like science and technology.