Here are the answers to your questions:
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What are the three subatomic particles, and where are they located in an atom? Answer: The three subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus at the center of the atom, while electrons are found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.
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Which subatomic particles are used to calculate the atomic number? Which subatomic particles are used to calculate the mass number? Answer: The atomic number is calculated using the number of protons in an atom. The mass number is calculated by adding the number of protons and neutrons together.
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The different rows of the periodic table represent what about the electrons of an atom? Answer: The different rows (periods) of the periodic table represent the number of electron shells surrounding the nucleus of an atom. Each period corresponds to a new energy level for the electrons.
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What is a bond? What are atoms trying to do when they bond? Answer: A bond is a chemical connection between atoms that allows them to form molecules or compounds. Atoms bond to achieve a more stable electron configuration, typically by filling their outer electron shells.
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Where on the periodic table does it tell you the number of valence electrons an element has? Answer: The number of valence electrons can be determined from the groups (columns) of the periodic table. Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons.
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The atoms on the periodic table are organized by an increasing number of what? Answer: The atoms on the periodic table are organized by an increasing number of protons, which corresponds to the atomic number.
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Why is Hydrogen’s Mass Number the same as its Atomic Number? Answer: Hydrogen’s mass number is the same as its atomic number because the most abundant isotope of hydrogen has one proton and no neutrons, resulting in both its atomic number and mass number being 1.
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Ionic bonds are most likely to occur when the number of valence electrons is close to what numbers? Answer: Ionic bonds are most likely to occur when the number of valence electrons is close to 1 (for metals that lose electrons) or 7 (for nonmetals that gain electrons) to achieve a stable configuration.
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How many valence electrons could an atom of Carbon accept in a bond? Answer: An atom of Carbon can accept four additional valence electrons in a bond, as it has four valence electrons and needs four more to fill its outer shell.
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What compound is present in every Hydroxyl compound? Answer: The compound present in every hydroxyl compound is the hydroxyl group (–OH).
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What is the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds? Answer: Polar bonds occur when there is a significant difference in electronegativity between the two atoms, resulting in an uneven distribution of electron density. Nonpolar bonds, on the other hand, occur when the electronegativity difference is negligible, leading to a more equal sharing of electrons.
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When using the “ball and stick” drawing method of drawing a compound, which element usually goes in the center of the model? Answer: When using the “ball and stick” model, the central element is typically the least electronegative element, which is usually the one that can form the most bonds.
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Which elements are the most reactive and why? Answer: The most reactive elements are typically the alkali metals (Group 1) and the halogens (Group 17). Alkali metals are highly reactive because they have one valence electron that they readily lose to achieve a stable electron configuration. Halogens are also very reactive because they need one additional electron to fill their outer shell.
Essay Questions:
1. In one to two sentences, identify the type of model shown and describe the atomic structure of a molecule of water. Answer: The model shown is likely a Lewis dot structure or a ball-and-stick model, which illustrates that a water molecule (H2O) consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. The oxygen atom has lone pairs of electrons and a bent molecular shape due to the repulsion between electron pairs.
2. Moving from the element with atomic number 10 to atomic number 11 on the periodic table, there is a change in reactivity. In three to five sentences, identify the direction of the change, and give two reasons for the change. Answer: Moving from atomic number 10 (Neon) to atomic number 11 (Sodium), the reactivity increases significantly. This is because Neon is a noble gas with a full outer electron shell, making it nonreactive, while Sodium has one valence electron, making it highly reactive as it readily loses that electron to achieve stability. This trend illustrates how elements transition from stability to increased reactivity.
3. The periodic table is arranged by various patterns. Is there a pattern with regard to ionic charge? In three to five sentences, explain your reasoning and provide specific examples. Answer: Yes, there is a pattern regarding ionic charge in the periodic table. Elements in Group 1 tend to form +1 ions by losing one electron, while elements in Group 2 typically form +2 ions. Conversely, nonmetals in Group 16 usually gain two electrons to form -2 ions, and those in Group 17 typically gain one electron to form -1 ions. This predictable behavior in ionic charge is due to the number of valence electrons and the tendency of atoms to achieve stable electron configurations.