1.if amoxycillin drug has half life of 15hrs how long will it take for the plasma concentration level in the body of a patient to drop from 24mg/mL to 3mg/mL.

Question

2.why are drug metabolized
3.why is paracetamol taken three times dairy
3. Why are drug bound in blood
4.why are infants more prone to drug toxicity than adults
5.mention any drug that induce production of hepatic enzymes
6. Why are TDM important
7.why are drugs given by injection?

Answer 1

1. To calculate the time it takes for the plasma concentration level of amoxicillin to drop from 24mg/mL to 3mg/mL, you would need to know the elimination rate constant. Using the half-life of 15 hours, you can calculate the elimination rate constant (k) using the equation: k = 0.693 / half-life. Once you have the elimination rate constant, you can use the equation: time = (0.693 / k) * log (first concentration / second concentration) to determine the time it takes for the plasma concentration to drop from 24mg/mL to 3mg/mL.

2. Drugs are metabolized in the body to facilitate their elimination from the body and to convert them into less active or inactive compounds. Metabolism helps in reducing the toxicity of drugs, converting them into a form that can be easily excreted by the kidneys or liver, and preventing their accumulation in the body.

3. Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) is usually taken three times a day (not "dairy") because it has a relatively short half-life and is eliminated from the body quickly. By taking it multiple times throughout the day, a consistent therapeutic level of the drug can be maintained for its analgesic and antipyretic effects.

4. Drugs can bind to proteins in the blood, primarily albumin, which can affect their distribution and prolong their effect. Protein binding can also affect the drug's solubility, stability, and ability to pass through certain tissues or barriers in the body.

5. Infants are more prone to drug toxicity than adults due to their immature metabolic and excretory systems. Their liver and kidneys are not fully developed, leading to reduced drug metabolism and elimination abilities. Additionally, infants have a higher proportion of body water, which can result in altered drug distribution and higher drug concentrations in their organs, leading to increased toxicity.

6. Some drugs, such as enzyme-inducing drugs like phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and rifampicin, can induce the production of hepatic enzymes. These drugs activate specific liver enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are responsible for the metabolism of many other drugs. When these enzymes are induced, they can increase the metabolism and elimination of other drugs, leading to potential drug interactions and reducing the efficacy of co-administered medications.

7. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is important to ensure effective and safe drug therapy. TDM involves measuring drug concentrations in a patient's blood or other biological fluids to individualize and optimize drug dosing. It helps monitor if the drug concentration is within the therapeutic range, avoid drug toxicity or side effects, adjust dosage based on patient-specific factors, and ensure therapeutic efficacy.

8. Drugs are given by injection for various reasons, including:
- Absorption: Some drugs have poor oral bioavailability (absorption) due to degradation in the acidic environment of the stomach or enzymatic breakdown. Injection bypasses the digestive system, allowing direct and rapid absorption into the bloodstream.
- Rapid action: In emergency situations, injections can provide immediate drug effects bypassing the time required for oral absorption and distribution.
- Accuracy and control: With injections, healthcare professionals can administer a precise dosage directly into the bloodstream, ensuring accurate dosing and control.
- Patient condition: In some cases, patients may have difficulty swallowing or may be unconscious, making oral intake of medications not feasible. Injections can provide an alternative route for drug administration.