1. Describe cryptography?

Question

2. What is a trace-route? Mention its uses
3. Define firewall, and why in it used?
4. What is a three-way handshake?
5. What is a response code" List them.
6. What is the CIA triad?
7. Name various types of cyber-attacks
8. What is data leakage?
9. Explain port scanning
10. Explain brute force attacks and the ways to prevent them.
11 Differentiate between hashing and encryption
12. Explain the difference between vulnerability assessment (VA) and penetration testing (PT)
13. Mention the steps used for configuring a firewall
14. What is SSL encryption?
15. What countermeasures will you take to secure a server?
H. Choose the correct answer
1 is the process of coding and scrambling of messages to prevent unauthorized access to understanding of data being transmitted
A Cryptography
Security key
B Encryption
D none
2. The phrase attack scripts describe viruses, worms, Trojan horse attack applets and
A. Spam
C Malware
B Phishing
DVirus
5. Abuse messaging systems to send unsolicited is
A. Phishing
C. Firewall
B. Adware
D. Spam

Answer 1

Sure, here are the answers to your questions:

1. Describe Cryptography: Cryptography is the practice of securing information and communication by using codes to protect it from unauthorized access. It involves techniques for encoding messages (encryption) and decoding them (decryption) to ensure data confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. Cryptography is widely used in securing online transactions, protecting sensitive data, and in various protocols for secure communication over networks.

2. What is a Trace-route? Mention Its Uses: A trace-route is a network diagnostic tool used to track the path that packets take from the source to the destination across a network. It measures the time it takes for each hop along the route and displays the IP addresses of the routers along the way. Its uses include:

   • Identifying routing problems in the network.
   • Measuring transit delays of packets.
   • Troubleshooting network connectivity issues.

3. Define Firewall and Why It Is Used: A firewall is a network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It is used to establish a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks (such as the internet). Firewalls help prevent unauthorized access, protect against attacks, and reduce the risk of data breaches.

4. What Is a Three-Way Handshake?: The three-way handshake is a method used in TCP/IP networking to establish a reliable connection between a client and a server. It involves three steps:

   • SYN: The client sends a SYN (synchronize) packet to the server to initiate the connection.
   • SYN-ACK: The server responds with a SYN-ACK (synchronize-acknowledge) packet if it is ready to establish a connection.
   • ACK: The client sends an ACK (acknowledge) packet back to the server, completing the handshake and establishing the connection.

5. What is a Response Code? List Them: A response code is a standard response issued by a server in an HTTP protocol that indicates the result of a client's request. Common response codes include:

   • 200 OK: The request was successful.
   • 301 Moved Permanently: The requested resource has been moved to a new URL.
   • 404 Not Found: The requested resource could not be found.
   • 500 Internal Server Error: The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

6. What Is the CIA Triad?: The CIA triad is a widely used model that guides policies for information security. It consists of three key principles:

   • Confidentiality: Ensuring that information is only accessible to those authorized to have access.
   • Integrity: Ensuring that information is accurate and unaltered except by authorized means.
   • Availability: Ensuring that information and resources are available to authorized users when needed.

7. Name Various Types of Cyber-Attacks: Various types of cyber-attacks include:

   • Phishing
   • Malware (viruses, worms, trojans)
   • DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks
   • Man-in-the-Middle attacks
   • Ransomware
   • SQL injection attacks
   • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
   • Credential stuffing

8. What is Data Leakage?: Data leakage refers to the unauthorized transmission of data from within an organization to an external destination. It can occur intentionally or unintentionally and can result from weak security controls, insider threats, or technical vulnerabilities. Data leakage can lead to the loss of sensitive information, damaging the organization’s reputation and leading to compliance issues.

9. Explain Port Scanning: Port scanning is a technique used to identify active devices on a network and determine which ports on those devices are open and accepting connections. Security professionals use port scanning to assess the security of their networks, while attackers may use it to identify vulnerabilities. Common tools for port scanning include Nmap and Netcat.

10. Explain Brute Force Attacks and Ways to Prevent Them: A brute force attack is a method used to gain unauthorized access to a system by systematically trying all possible password combinations until the correct one is found. To prevent brute force attacks:

    • Implement account lockout policies after a certain number of failed login attempts.
    • Use complex and long passwords.
    • Enable multi-factor authentication (MFA).
    • Monitor login attempts for unusual activity.

11. Differentiate Between Hashing and Encryption:

    • Hashing: A one-way process that converts input data into a fixed-length string of characters (the hash value), making it irreversible. It is primarily used for data integrity (e.g., checking passwords).
    • Encryption: A reversible process that converts data into a coded form that can be decrypted back into its original form using a specific key. It is used for data confidentiality.

12. Explain the Difference Between Vulnerability Assessment (VA) and Penetration Testing (PT):

    • Vulnerability Assessment (VA): A systematic review of security weaknesses in an information system. It identifies vulnerabilities in the environment but does not exploit them.
    • Penetration Testing (PT): An authorized simulated attack on a system to evaluate its security. It involves exploiting vulnerabilities to determine the level of risk and identify potential damage.

13. Mention the Steps Used for Configuring a Firewall: Steps to configure a firewall may include:

    • Define the security policy and requirements.
    • Select the type of firewall (hardware or software).
    • Install the firewall on the network (greatly depends on architecture).
    • Configure rules and policies for incoming and outgoing traffic.
    • Set up logging and monitoring for traffic.
    • Test the firewall configuration for vulnerabilities.
    • Maintain and update the firewall regularly.

14. What is SSL Encryption?: SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) encryption is a security protocol that creates an encrypted link between a server and a client, allowing secure data transmission over the internet. SSL ensures that sensitive information (like personal information and credit card details) is transmitted securely and remains private during transmission.

15. What Countermeasures Will You Take to Secure a Server?: Countermeasures to secure a server may include:

    • Implementing firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS).
    • Regularly applying security patches and updates.
    • Using strong, complex passwords and changing them regularly.
    • Limiting user access and privileges based on roles.
    • Conducting regular security audits and vulnerability assessments.
    • Encrypting sensitive data at rest and in transit.
    • Monitoring server logs for suspicious activity.

Choose the Correct Answer

1. A Cryptography
2. C Malware
3. D Spa