1. (a)
(i) An inorganic fertilizer is a fertilizer that is derived from non-living sources, such as minerals.
(ii) Examples of inorganic fertilizers that could be used in maize production include ammonium nitrate, potassium sulfate, and triple superphosphate.
(b)
(i)
α) Two industrial uses of aluminum: manufacturing of aircraft and packaging materials.
β) Two industrial uses of copper: electrical wiring and plumbing.
(ii) Three reasons why gold is regarded as a metal: high malleability, good conductivity, and resistance to corrosion.
(c) Using Newton's second law (force = mass x acceleration):
Force = 15g x 40.0 ms^-2 = 600 N
(d)
(i) Trypanosome is considered a parasite because it lives in or on another organism (host) and obtains nutrients from the host, harming it in the process.
(ii) Two ways of controlling trypanosomiasis are using insecticides to control the vector (tsetse flies) and treating infected animals with drugs.
2. (a)
(i) Iron(II) sulfide
(ii) Ethanoic acid
(iii) Sulfurous acid
(iv) 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(b)
(i) Organelles found in an animal cell: mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum
(ii) Functions:
- Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration and energy production
- Lysosomes: involved in intracellular digestion and waste removal
- Endoplasmic reticulum: involved in protein and lipid synthesis
(c)
- Identification: for record-keeping and monitoring of individual birds
- Debeaking: to prevent cannibalism and reduce aggression in birds
(d)
(i) Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of an element that emit radiation.
(ii) Two radioisotopes used in medicine: technetium-99m, iodine-131
3. (a)
(i) Electronic balance
(ii) Number of moles = mass / molar mass
Number of moles = 7.5g / (23 + 16 + 3(12) + 16) = 7.5 / 84 = 0.0893 mol
(b)
(i) Nasal chamber: adapted for air filtration, warming, and humidification
(ii) Diaphragm: contracts and relaxes to allow for breathing
(iii) Alveoli: site of gas exchange between lungs and blood
(c) Factors contributing to cannibalism in poultry houses: overcrowding, lack of proper feeding, stress, poor lighting, boredom
(d)
(i) Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force to input force in a machine.
(ii) Mechanical advantage = output force / input force = 200N / 400N = 0.5
4. (a) The processes involved in viewing an object include light entering the eye through the cornea, passing through the lens, and being focused on the retina where it is converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
(b)
(i)
α) An unsaturated hydrocarbon has one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
β) Examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons: ethene, propyne
(ii) Structural formula for 2-methylpentane: CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3
(c)
- Dehorning: reduces injuries and damage from aggressive behavior
- Drenching: deworming and parasite control
(d)
(i) The girl can see the board clearly from the back seat due to the focal length of her eye, which is adjusted for distant objects.
(ii) To remedy the problem, she can wear glasses or sit closer to the board.
5. (a)
(i) Physical properties of water: colorless, tasteless, odorless, high surface tension
(ii) Water is referred to as a universal solvent because it can dissolve a wide variety of substances due to its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds.
(b)
(i) Gases contributing to greenhouse effect: carbon dioxide, methane
(ii) Effects of greenhouse effect on climate: global warming, climate change, melting of polar ice caps
(c)
(i) Weathering in soil formation is the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles by physical, chemical, or biological processes.
(ii) Hydration aids in the weathering of rocks by causing them to expand and contract, leading to physical breakdown.
(d)
(i) Energy transformation in hydroelectric power generation involves converting the potential energy of water stored in dams into electrical energy.
(ii) Thicker walls at the base of a hydroelectric dam are necessary to withstand the pressure and weight of the water stored behind the dam.
6. (a)
(i) Heat is the transfer of energy from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object.
(ii) Effects of heat on a substance include expansion, change in state, and chemical reactions.
(b)
(i)
(i) Sodium chloride: neutral
(ii) Tomato juice: acidic
(iii) Vinegar: acidic
(iv) Sea water: slightly basic
(v) Sodium bicarbonate: basic
(c) Blood group inheritance: Since the child's blood group is AB, the father must have the I^B allele and the mother must have the I^A allele, making it possible for the child to have the AB blood group.
(d)
Factors to consider when selecting rabbits for breeding: health, breed characteristics, reproductive performance, genetic diversity.
1.(a) (i) What is an inorganic fertilizer?
(ii) Give three examples of inorganic fertilizers that could be used in maize production.
(b) State:
(i) two industrial uses each of the following metals:
(α) aluminium;
(β) copper
(b) (ii) Three reasons why gold is regarded as a metal.
c) A force acts on a body of mass 15 g and causes the body to move with acceleration of 40.0 ms-2. Calculate the force acting on the body.
(d) (i) Give one reason why trypanosome is considered as a parasite.
(d) (ii) State two ways of controlling trypanosomiasis
(2) (a) Write the IUPAC names of each of the following compounds:
(i) FeS;
(ii) CH3CH2COOH;
(iii) H2SO3;
(iv) CH3CHClCH3
(b) (i) List three organelles found in an animal cell
(ii) State one function of each of the organelles listed in (b) (i).
(c) State three reasons each for carrying out each of the following husbandry practices in poultry production:
(i) identification;
(ii) debeaking
(d) (i) What are radioisotopes?
(ii) Name two radioisotopes used in medicine.
3.(a) A student weighed 7.5 g of NaHCO3 in the laboratory.
(i) Name the apparatus used.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of the substance weighed
[Na = 23, 0 = 16, C = 12, H =1]
(b) Explain how each of the following respiratory structures in humans is adapted to its function:
(i) nasal chamber;
(ii) diaphragm;
(iii) alveoli.
(c) Suggest five factors that could contribute to cannibalism in a poultry house.
(d) (i) Define mechanical advantage as applied to simple machines.
(ii) A load of 200N is lifted by a force of 400 N. Calculate the mechanical advantages
(4) (a) Describe the processes involved when the eye of a human views an object.
(b) (i) (α) What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
(β) Give two examples of unsaturated
(ii) Write down the structural formula for 2-methylpentane.
(c) State two benefits each of the following practices in animal production:
(i) dehorning;
(ii) drenching
(d) (i) Explain why a girl in a classroom could see clearly the writing on the board from the back seat but not from the front seat.
(ii) Suggest the appropriate remedy to the problem stated in (d) (i).
5.(a) State:
(i) Four physical properties of water.
(ii) The reason why water is referred to as a universal solvent.
(b) (i) Name two gases which contribute to greenhouse effect.
(b)(ii) State three effects of greenhouse on climate.
(c) (i) What is weathering as used in soil formation?
(c)(ii) Explain how hydration aids in the weathering of rocks?
(d)(i) State the energy transformation involved in hydroelectric power generation
(d)(ii) Explain why the hydroelectric power dam has thicker walls at the base than at the top.
(6)(a) (i) What is heat?
(ii) State three effects of heat on a substance.
(b)(i) Classify each of the following substances as acidic, or basic or neutral:
(i) sodium chloride;
(ii) tomato juice;
(iii) vinegar;
(iv) sea water;
(v) bicarbonate of sodium.
(c) A man with blood group B is married to a woman with blood group B. The woman gave birth to a child with blood group AB. With the aid of genetic diagram, determine whether the man is the father of the child.
(d) State four factors a farmer should consider when selecting rabbits for breeding
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